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Pathology Exam II > Neoplasm VI > Flashcards

Neoplasm VI Flashcards

1
Q

What repair pathway helpswith damage caused by UVB?

A

NER (Nucleoside excision repair) pathway repairs the Pyrimidine dimers caused by the UVB light.

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2
Q

Xeroderma Pigmentosum is a result of defects with what enzymes?

A

Defects in the enzymes mediating DNA repair following UVB damage.

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3
Q

What is the indirect effects of ionizing radiation caused by?

A

Free radicles causing DNA damage.

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4
Q

What neoplasms are induced by atomic bombs?

A

Leukemias
Thyroid cancer - Papillary ype
Breast/Lung cancer
Skin, bone, gut

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5
Q

What neoplasms are induced by X-Ray work

A

Radiation dermatitis

Skin cancers

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6
Q

What neoplasms are induced by Osteosarcoma?

A

Seen in clock workers that paint luminous dials with radium.

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7
Q

What is the pathogenesis of hepatitis B?

A

Chronic liver cell injury and regenerative hyperplasia by activating growth promoting genes such as IGF.

Also turns off p53.

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8
Q

What is the pathogenesis of hepatitis C?

A

Chronic liver cell injury and regeneration

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9
Q

Epstein Barr Virus causes what two main complications?

A

Burkitt lymphoma

Nasopharyngeal carcinoma.

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10
Q

What are the low risk HPV strains?

High Risk HPV strains?

A

Low risk: 6 and 11

High risk: 16, 18, 31

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11
Q

What virus causes T-ell leukemia/lymphomas?

A

Human T-cell leukemia virus type 1

seeks out CD4 cells, specifically the Tax gene.

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12
Q

What proteins does the TAX gene activated by T-cell leukemia produce?

A

c-Fos, IL-2, GM-CSF

Inactivated p16INK4a

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13
Q

What happens when p16INK4a is inactivated

A

Leads to melanomas.

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14
Q

What type of cancer does HIV cause?

A

Lymphoma

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15
Q

What sort of cancer does Human herpes virus 8 cause?

A

Kaposi Sarcoma.

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16
Q

How is Helicobacter pylori infection assicated with neoplasms?

A 
Gastric lymphoma (MALT lymphomas)
Gastric Carcinoma
17
Q

What gene is associated with H. pylori induced Gastric lymphoma/ Gastric carcinoma?

A

CagA (Cytotoxin associated gene A which stimulates the growth factor path.)

18
Q

What cancers are associated with the overproduction of Estrogen?

A

Breast cancer
Squamous carcinoma of the cervix
Leiomyoma of the uterus

19
Q

What cancers are associated with the overproduction of contraceptive hormones?

A

Breast cancer

Benign/malignant liver tumors.

20
Q

What cancers are associated with anabolic steroids?

A

Benign/malignant liver tumors.

21
Q

What is Cachexia?

A

Weight loss, muscle atrophy and fatigue seen in cancer due to loss of appetite by TNFalpha, IFNY, and IL-6 overproduction.

22
Q

What are paraneoplastic syndromes?

A

Distant effects of a tumor unrelated to primary tumor or metastasis.

23
Q

What is the paraneoplastic syndrome and neoplasm related to ACTH?

A

Cushings syndrome causing small cell lung carcinoma

24
Q

What is the paraneoplastic syndrome and neoplasm related to ADH?

A

SIADH

Small cell lung carcinoma and intracranial neoplasms.

25
Q

What is the paraneoplastic syndrome and neoplasm related to EPO?

A

Polycythemia

Renal cell carcinoma, thymoma, hemangioblastoma, hepatocellular carcinona….

26
Q

What is the paraneoplastic syndrome and neoplasm related to PTHrP

A

Hypercalcemia
Squamous cell lung carcinoma
Renal cell carcinoma and breast cancer.

27
Q

What causes Carcinoid syndrome?

A

Tumors located in the appendix or small intestine leadin to the overproduction of serotonin!

28
Q

What are the clinical features of Carcinoid syndrome?

A

Flushing
Diarrhea
Bronchospasm
Tachycardia

29
Q

How s Carcinoid syndrome diagnosed?

A

Urinary excretion of 5-hydroxy indoleacetic acid (5-HIAA) a metabolite of serotonin!

30
Q

what test should you employ to determine a site of origin of metastasis?

A

IHC also known as immunohistochemical techniques.

It is used to determin the site of origin for a tumor!

31
Q

What does it mean if a tumor tests positive for cytokeratin?

A

This means the tumor has a Keratin or epithelial origin!

32
Q

What do Vimentin and Dimentin (Smooth muscle) originate from?

A

Originate from the mesenchyme.

33
Q

What neoplasm does IHC marker CD31 check for?

A

Checks for Vascular neoplasms

34
Q

What should FISH be used to diagnose?

A

Used to detect oncogenes such as N-myc

Also detects bcr-ale fusion gene product

35
Q

What makes the tumor marker AFP?

A

Fetus hepatocellular carcinoma, hepatoblastoma

36
Q

What makes the tumor marker Ca-19-9?

A

Pancreatic adenoarcinoma, colon cancer

37
Q

What makes the Ca-125 cancer marker?

A

Ovarian cancerw

38
Q

What makes the PSA tumor marker?

A

Prostate specific antigen made by the prostate. Not very accurate.

Pathology Exam II (14 decks)

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