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Embryology Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the pharyngeal apparatus consist of?

A 
Clefts  = Pharyngeal groove = ectoderm
Arches = mesoderm
Pouches = endoderm
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2
Q

What is another name for the pharyngeal apparatus?

A

brachial

means gill

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3
Q

What does each arch have?

A

own nerve, vasuclar, muscular

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4
Q

Why is the 5th signicant?

A

rudimentary
disappears

no 5th arch, cleft, pouch

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5
Q

What happens with the 4th and 6th arch?

A

incorporated into 4th

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6
Q

What is the derivative of the arches and pouches?

A

Ear, tonsils, bottom to, top

1 = tympanic (middle ear cavity) + auditory (eustacian) tube

2= palatine tonsils + tonsilar fossa

3= inferior parathyroid gland + thymus

4= superior parathyroid gland + ultimobranchial body (parafollicular C cells of thyroid gland)

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7
Q

What is the fate of the clefts?

A

1st = external auditory meatus

2, 3, 4 = obliterated by overgrowth of the 2nd and 4th arch to form cervical sinus

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8
Q

How many arches are there at the 4th week?

A

4 arches

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9
Q

What happens if 2,3,4 clefts persist?

A

branchial cyst or fistula along anterior border of sternocleidomastoid

Fistual= has secretion inside and drains to outer border of SCM

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10
Q

What is the only membrane that persists?

A

1st = tympanic membrane

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11
Q

What do kids do at the golden arches?

A 
Chew (1st) = 5
Smile (2nd) = 7
Stylish (3rd)  = 9
Swallow (4th)
Speak (6th) 10
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12
Q

What are the derivatives of the 1st arch?

A

Arch: mandibular

Nerve: V2 maxillary and V3 mandibular

Muscles: mstication (temp, mass, med lat ptery, mylohyoid, ant belly digastric, tensor palatine, tensory tympani

Sig skeletal: Meckel’s cartilae, malleus, incus

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13
Q

What are the derivatives of the 2nd arch?

A

Arch: hyoid

Nerve: VII facial

Muscles: facial expression (buccinator, auricularis, frontalis, playsma, orbicularis oris, orbicularis oculi), post belly digastric, stylohyoid, stapedius

Sig skeletal: stapes, styloid process, stylohyoid ligment

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14
Q

What are the dervicates of the 3rd arch?

A

Arch:

Nerve: IX glossopharyngeal

Muscles: stylopharyngeus

Sig skeletal: body of hyoid bone

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15
Q

What are the dervitives of the 4-6 arch?

A

Arch:

Nerve: X vagus = superior laryngeal and recurrent laryngeal

Muscles: cricothyroid, levator palatine, onstrictuors of pharynx, instrinsic mucles of larynx

Sig skeletal: thryoid

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16
Q

What is the path of IX glossopharyngeous?

A

1 innervates Stylopharngeous
2 goes into tonsilar fossa to supply palatine tonsil
3. taste of posterior 1/3 of tongue

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17
Q

What does all msucles of palate except one?

A

X

except tensor palatine = 5

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18
Q

What does superior parathyriod’s parafollicular c cells make?

A

calcitonin- role in calcium metabolism

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19
Q

Where does the thyroid develop from?

A

growth from floor of primordial pharynx between 1st and 2nd pouches

at foramen cecum of tongue

decends to larynx

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20
Q

What drags the thyroid down?

A

thryoglossal duct

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21
Q

Where does parathyroid gland relocate?

A

inferior down, superior up

thymus drags to center of chest

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22
Q

What are the parafollicular cells from?

A

mainly from 4th pair of pharyngeal pouches

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23
Q

What happens if the thyroid gland does not descend completely from tongue?

A

ectopic thyroid gland

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24
Q

What happens if thyroglossal duct persists?

A

thyroglossal duct cysts

located at midline of neck under mandible near hyoid bone

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25
How does the oral part (anterior 2/3) of the tongue develop?
from fusion of 2 lateral lingual swellings and median tongue bud sensory by V and taste by 7
26
How does the pharyneal part (post 1/3) of the tongue deveop?
from copula (hypobranchial eminence) IX
27
Where do the muscles of the tongue arise?
from migration of occipital myotomes
28
What is anklyoglossia?
tongue tie cant protrude tongue, cant articulate letters
29
What is lingual thyroid?
extopic thyroid interrupted thyroid duct so extra tissue
30
What are the 3 prominences of the face development?
1 frontonasal 2 maxillary 3 mandibular
31
Which prominance is unpaired?
frontonasal
32
Which prominence forms the forehead and dorsum and apex of nose?
frontonasal
33
Which prominence forms the alae/side of the nose?
lateral nasal
34
what prominence forms the nasal septum, ethmoid boine, cribriform plate?
medial nasal
35
Which prominance forms the upper cheek regions and upper lip?
maxillary
36
Which prominence forms the chin, lower lip, lower cheek region?
mandibular
37
How does the palate form?
the fusion of an unpaired median process (1ry) and paired lateral palatine process (2ry palate)
38
How does cleft lip happen?
failure of mesenchymal masses i the medial nasal and maxillary prominences to merge usually environmental and genetic factors
39
How does cleft palate happen?
failure of mesenchymal masses in palatal processes to meet and fuse lateral palatine processes
40
What are babies with cleft palate/lip in danger of?
Babies aspirate a lot through the nose because no connection when suckling so fluid can be inhaled
41
What is treacher collins syndrome?
First arch syndrome abnormal development of the first pharyngeal arch. It is due to failure of migration of the neural crest cells into arch 1.
42
What are the clinical presentations of first arch syndrome?
Clinically presented by facial hypoplasia, microganthia, external ear abnormalities, lower eyelid abnormalities & tracheo- esophageal fistula. Face eye ear mouth AIRWAY
43
What is the most common head and neck congenital malformation?
unilateral cleft lip
44
When does the heart start beating during development?
4th week
45
Where are the three layers of heart cells (endocardium, myocardium, epicaridum) derived from?
splanchnic mesoderm
46
Where do the atrium and ventricle move doing development?
Atrium- cranially | ventricle- caudally
47
where do the aortic arches come from?
trunchus arteriosus
48
What contributes to the aorta and pulmonary trunk?
truncus asteriosus
49
what contributes to the smooth part of right venticle (conus arteriosus) and smooth part of left ventricle (aortic vestibule)?
bulbus cordis
50
What contributes to the trabeculated part of right ventricle and trabeculated part of left ventricle?
primitive ventricle
51
What contributes to the trabeculated part of the right atrium and left atrium?
primitive atrium
52
what contributes to the smooth part of the right atrium, coronary sinus, and oblique vein of left atrium?
sinus venosus
53
What is the smooth part of the right atrium?
sinus venarum
54
How is the atrial septum formed?
Atrium not ventricular because artial forms shunts Right shunts to left During development no lungs functioning- placenta is lungs No pressure in left atrium because no pulmonary veins pumping Septum helps fetal cirulation Right Atrial Blood shunted through foramen ovale to secondary foramen to left atrium
55
How does the atrial septum change from before birth to after birth?
Before birth = shunt After birth = lungs work = pressure in left atrium Pressure shuts down septum foramen ovale becomes fossa ovalis Look for fossa ovalis in septal wall between left and right atrium
56
What is the AP septum spiral?
Pulmonary trunk in front anterior of ascending arota posterior Spiral because of septum AP septum issue = transposition of the vessels Abnormalities = aorta in front, pulmonary in back Abnoramlties from failure of migration of neural crest cells and messed up spiral
57
What is PTA?
persistent truncus arteriosus - partially development of the AP septum problem in AP septum development, mixing blood between ascneding aorta and pulmonary trunk usually because of ventricular septal defects VSD (shunt between atrium and ventricle)
58
What is marked cyanosis?
blue color baby mixing oxygentated blood with deoxygated blood
59
What is transpotion of the great vessels>
abonormal division of the truncus arteriosus nonspiral develppment of AP septum aorta coming out of right ventricle, pulmonary trunk coming out of left ventricle. uncompatible with life unless a shunt like VSD, patent foramen, or patent ductus arteriosus exists cyanoic
60
What is the most common convenital heart defect>
Ventricular septal defects VSD faulty fusino of rt bulbar ridge, lt bulbar ridge, and AV cushions more membranous than muscular
61
What is tetralogy of Fallot?
PROVE pulmonary stenosis right ventricular hypertrophy overriding aorta ventricular septal defect (VSD) PS= stenosis in pulmonary valve = extra pressure in right ventricle Hypertrophy= because of increased pressure Overiding aorta= receive blood from right and left ventricle instead of just from left marked cyanosis
62
What is patent foramen ovale?
septal defect atrial septal defect (ASD) incomplete fusion of septum primum and septum secundum
63
What are the 2 ducts in fetal circulation?
Ductos venosus= shunt from left umbilical vein to IVC (drains in rigth atrium) over liver Ductus arteriosus= becomes ligamentum arteriosum
64
How many umbilical arteries are there?
2- carry deoxygenated blood from iliac to placenta for gas exchange
65
How many umbilical veins are there?
1! Just LEFT (no right) carries oxygenated blood
66
What is the adult remnant of fetal right and left umbilical arteries>
medial umbilical ligaments
67
What is the adult remnant of fetal left umbilical vein>
ligamentum teres
68
What is the adult remnant of fetal ductus venosus
ligamentum venosum
69
What is the adult remnant of fetal foramen ovale?
fossa ovlale
70
What is the adult remnant of fetal ductus arteriosus
ligmaentum arteriosus
71
Which aortic arches disappear?
1 (except maxillary arteries) 2 ( except hyoid and stepedial arteries) 5 (totally)
72
What are two most common congenital heart defects from circulatory system error?
patent oval foramen patent ductus arteriosus (PDA from rubella of mom)
73
What does the 3rd arch give>
common carotid artery on each side and part of internal and little bit of external
74
Are right and left 4 arch the same>?
NO! ``` right = right subclavian left = part of arch of aorta 6 ```
75
What is difference between 6th proximal and 6 distal arch?
right proximal- near midling, right pulmonary artery distal- disappears- right vagus recurrent at right subclavian because right distal and 5th arch gone left proximal- left pulmonary artery left distal- ductus arteriosus
76
Where is the coronary sinus derived from?
sinus venosus
77
Which division of truncus arteriosus has a problem if diagnosis is traspotiion of great vessels?
aorticopulmonary septum
78
what is a right sided heart?
dextrocardia

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