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Overview of Body Flashcards

1
Q

The Median/median sagittal

A

vertical plane passing through the midline of the body which divides it into equal right and left halves

(symmetrical left and right)

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2
Q

Sagittal plane

A

vertical plane that passes parallel to the median

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3
Q

Coronal or frontal

A

Vertical plane that divides the body into anterior and posterior parts. Perpendicular to the median sagittal plane

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4
Q

Transverse or horizontal

A

Passes horizontally through the body and divides it into superior and inferior parts

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5
Q

Anterior

A

In front of another structure

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6
Q

Posterior

A

Behind another structure

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7
Q

Superior

A

above another structure

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8
Q

Inferior

A

below another structure

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9
Q

Deep

A

further away from the body surface

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10
Q

Superficial

A

closer to body surface

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11
Q

medial

A

closer to median sagittal plane

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12
Q

lateral

A

away from median sagittal plane

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13
Q

proximal

A

closer to the trunk or origin

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14
Q

distal

A

away from the trunk or origin

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15
Q

ipsilateral

A

same side of the body

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16
Q

contralateral

A

opposite side of body

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17
Q

Anatomical position

A

Standard position used in anatomy and medicine no matter what position person in. Human body based on person in anatomical position:

1) standing erect- head directed forwards with eyes looking into distance
2) Arms hanging at sides with palm facing forward and thumb laterally
3) Legs placed together with feet together facing forward

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18
Q

Flexion

A

decreases the angle of the joint. brings two bones closer. typical of hinge joints like knee and elbow

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19
Q

Extension

A

opposite of flexion. increases angle between two bones

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20
Q

Abduction

A

movement of limb away from midline

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21
Q

Adduction

A

opposite of abduction. movement of limb towards the midline

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22
Q

supination

A

lateral rotation of the forearm causing the palm to face anteriorly (hold the soup)

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23
Q

Pronation

A

medial rotation of the forearm causing the palm to face posteriorly

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24
Q

Rotation

A

movement of a bone around its longitudinal axis. common in ball and socket joints

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25
Inversion
movement of the sole towards the midline (turning the sole of the foot inwards or medially up on outside of feet)
26
Eversion
movement of the sole away from the midline (turning the sole of the food outwards or laterally)
27
dorsiflexion
lifting the foot so that the superior surface approaches the shin
28
Planter flexion
depressing the foot (pointing the toes)
29
Circumduction
a combination of flexion, extension, abduction and adduction. common in ball and socket joints
30
What are the two regions of the human skeleton?
Axial skeleton and appendicular skeleton
31
Axial skeleton
bones that form the axis or central line of the body: 1) skull 2) vertebral column (spine) 3) Ribs 4) sternum
32
Appendicular skeleton
bones that attach to the body's axis: 1) limbs 2) pectoral 3) pelvic girdles
33
How are bones classified?
Position and shape
34
Long bones
eg femur, humerus
35
Short bones
ig carpal bones
36
flat bones
eg skull vault
37
irregular bones
eg vertebrae
38
Articular surface
facet, Condyle and Epicondyle (area above)
39
Sharp bony prominence
process, protuberance, crest and spine
40
Blunt bony prominence
tubercle, tuberosity, trochanter
41
Bony depression
fossa, groove, fissure
42
Bony holes
foramen, Meatus
43
What are the 3 types of joints?
1) fibrous 2) Cartilaginous 3) Synovial
44
Fibrous joint
suture and syndesmosis (ie interosseous membrane)
45
Cartilaginous joint
``` 1ry synchondrosis (hyaline cartilage) 2 ry symphysis (fibrocartilage) ```
46
Synovial joint
moveable joints, reinforced by ligaments. the bone ends are covered by hyaline cartilage. it is surrounded by a fibrous capsule. the joint and its capsule are lined by a synovial membrane which secrets synovial fluid to lubricate it
47
What are the types of synovial joints?
1) plane 2) hinge 3) pivot 4) condylar 5) saddle 6) ball and socket
48
Plane Synovial Joint
permit gliding and sliding movement
49
Hinge Synovial Joint
uniaxial, allows flexion and extension only
50
Pivot Synovial Joint
Uniaxial, allows rotation
51
Condylar Synovial Joint
``` biaxial allows: flexion and extension abduction and adduction circumduction ```
52
Saddle Synovial Joint
biaxial | the joint has a saddle shaped heads which allows flexion and extension, abduction and adduction
53
Ball and socket
multiaxial | joint has a rounded head that articulate with a concavity allows movement on several axes
54
What are the layers of the fascia?
1 superficial | 2 deep
55
Superficial fascia
lies deep to the dermis subcutaneous tissue connected to the deep fascia
56
Deep
it is dense organized connective tissue layer devoid of fat covers most of the body parallel to (deep to) the skin and subcutaneous tissue Extensions from the internal surface invest deeper structures such as individual muscles and neurovascular bundles as INVESTING FASCIA Thickness varies widely eg face- no distinct layers of deep fascia limbs- groups of muscles with similar functions sharing the same nerve supply are located in fascial compartments, separated by thick sheets of deep fascia called intermuscular septa that extend centrally from the surrounding fascial sleeve to attach to bone
57
Skeletal muscles
Aggregations of contractile fibers which move the joints
58
What are muscles attached to?
Bone | attached via tendons at origins and insertions
59
Aponeurosis
flattened tendon that attaches flat muscles | symmetrical halves of muscles fuse at the raphe intersection
60
Rule of movement
If a muscle crosses a joint, it will act at that joint
61
Synovial Sheath
Encloses tendons where they cross joints
62
What are the types of blood vessels?
1) arteries 2) veins 3) capillaries
63
How is blood distributed to the organs?
Via arteries branch to arterioles branch to capillaries gas exchange occurs
64
How is blood returned to the heart?
deoxygenated returned to the heart via the capillaries merge to become venules become veins
65
Superficial veins
lie close to body surface
66
Deep veins
venae comitantes | accompany arteries supplying a structure
67
Valves
prevent back flow of blood | can cause pressure build up to weakened enlarge and twist veins (varicose)
68
Arteries vs Veins
Arteries 1) carry blood from the heart to the body 2) thick elastic wall, more rigid, blood flow under high pressure 3) carry oxygenated blood except pulmonary artery and umbilical chord 4) branches, no valves Veins 1) carry blood from the body to the heart thin non elastic wall, collapsible, blood flow under low pressure 3) carry deoxygenated blood except pulmonary vein and umbilical vein 4) tributaries, have valves
69
Lymphatic system
part of immune system Has lymph= watery fluid resembles the plasma and contains lymphocytes Lymphoid organs= tonsils, thymus, spleen, bone marrow and lymph nodes Lymph vessels= network of capillaries that transport the lymph and lymphocytes
70
Lymphatic drainage
majority drains in thoracic duct delivered back to the venous system TD drains at the junctio of the LEFT internal jugular vein (IJV) and LEFT subclavian vein RIGHt lymphatic duct- only drains the right upper quadrant of the body at the junction of the right IJV and RIGHT subclavian vein
71
Central nervous sytem
brain and spinal chord
72
Peripheral nervous system
1) somatic nervous system | 2) autonomic nervous system
73
Somatic nervous system
PNS skin skeletal muscles and joints Motor (efferent) = carries impulses from the CNS to skeletal muslces Sensory (afferent) = carries sensory information to the CNS
74
Autonomic nervous system
cardiac muscle, glands, all smooth muscle (vessels and viscera (enteric system) sympathetic and parasympathetic
75
Sympathetic nervous system
PNS -> ANS fight or flight reaction dialate pupils, increase HR, decrease in activity of the gut
76
Parasympathetic nervous system
PNS-> ANS rest and digest

SHB (22 decks)

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