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Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What is in the triangle of auscultation?

A

Trapezius and latissimus dorsi (no bone for stethoscope)

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2
Q

What happens if long thoracic nerve is injured?

A

Winging of the scapula

(the medial border of the scapula moves laterally and posteriorly away from the thoracic wall).

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3
Q

What is the boxer’s muscle?

A

Serratus anterior

LTN and LTA

Func: protracts scapula forward
orgin: upper 8 ribs
Insertions: vental medial border of scapula

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4
Q

What do only the 7 cervical vertebrae have?

A

Foramen transversarium

holes in transverse processes that transmit the vertebral vessels

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5
Q

Describe C1

A

Atlas

No vertebral body or spinous process
Articulates with head and axis
Ring shaped

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6
Q

Describe C2

A

Axis

odontoid process = DENS as body
Strong bifid spinous process
C1 fuses to body of C2

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7
Q

What vertebrae is most prominent?

A

C7

long non bifid spinous process

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8
Q

What is the atlanto-occipital joint?

A

Yes yes joint
nodding = flexion and extension

Between C1 (atlas) and skull

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9
Q

What is the atlanto axial joint?

A

No no joint
rotation

between C1 atlas and axis dens
Median atlanto-axial = Pivot (around dens)
Lateral atlanto-axial = Gliding (facets)

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10
Q

Where is the best place for a noose?

A

Between C1 and C2 so that dens crushes spinal cord

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11
Q

What must be removed to expose the suboccipital triangle?

A

Trapezius
Sternocleidomastoid
Splenius capitis
Semispinalis capitis

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12
Q

What three muscles form the suboccipital triangle?

A

Obliquus capitus superior
Obliquus capitus inferior
Rectus capitus major

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13
Q

What is the floor and roof of suboccipital triangle?

A

Roof: semispinalis capitis
Floor: posterior arch of Atlas C1

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14
Q

What structures are in the floor of suboccipital triangle?

A

Posterior arch of Atlas

1) Dorsal rami C1 (suboccipital nerve)
2) Vertebral artery

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15
Q

What structures are in the roof of the suboccipital triangle?

A

semispinalis capitis

1) great occipital nerve C2
2) occipital artery

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16
Q

What is vertebral artery a branch of?

A

The subclavian artery

comes in at C6

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17
Q

What is the occipital artery a branch of?

A

The external carotid artery

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18
Q

Describe suboccipital nerve

A

Doral ramus of C1
Purely motor
supplies 4 suboccipital muscles

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19
Q

Describe greater occipital nerve

A 
Dorsal ramus of C2
purely sensory- DO NOT INNERVATE
lower border of inferior oblique
pierces semispinalis capitis and trapezius
supplies scalp to vertex
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20
Q

Origin and insertion of rectus capitis posterior major

A

origin: spinous process of vertebra C2
insert: lateral part of inferior nuchal line of occipital bone

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21
Q

Origin and insertion of rectus capitis posterior minor

A

origin: posterior tubercle of posterior arch of vertebra C1 atlas
insert: medial part of inferior nuchal line of occipital bone

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22
Q

Origin and insertion of obliquus capitis inferior

A

origin: posterior tubercle of posterior arch of C2 axis (spine of axis)
insert: transverse process of C1 atlas

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23
Q

Origin and insertion of obliquus capitis superior

A

origin: transverse process of C1
insert: occipital bone between superior and inferior nuchal lines

24
Q

how many vertebrae in the vertebral column?

25
How may cervical vertebrae?
7
26
How many thoracic vertebrae?
12 for ribs
27
How many lumbar vertebrae?
5 | last flexible- support weight
28
How many sacral vertebrae?
5 fused- stability
29
How many coccyx vertebrae?
4 | co2-4 are fused
30
What are the 4 curvatures of the vertebral column?
Cervical lordosis- 2ry- when infant can support weight of head Thoracic kyphosis- primary- fetal position Lumbar lordosis- 2ry- when infant walks and can support own weight Sacral kyphosis- 1ry curvature
31
What are abnormal spinal curvatures?
Excessive kyphosis- humpback Excessive lordosis- hollow back Scoliosis- lateral curvature
32
what are some vertebral abnormalities?
Cervial rib- extra rib at C7- can cause thoracic outlet syndrome (compress BP or sub V) Lumbar rib- extra rib at L1 Sacralization- L5 incorporated into Sacrum Lumbarization- S1 partially separated from rest of sacrum
33
What are the joints of the vertebral column?
1) joints of vertebral bodies (intervertebral discs) 2) joints of vertebral arches 3) craniovertebral (atlanto-axial and atlanto-occipital) 4) costovertebral joints 5) sacroiliac jionts
34
What kind of joints are IV discs?
secondary cartilaginous designed for weight bearing and strength annulus fibrosis= outer fibrous ring of concentric lamellae of fibrocartilage nucleus pulposus= gelatinous central mass core
35
What is a herniated disc?
protrusion of the nucleus pulposus into or through the annulus fibrosus can hit nerves and cord if pushes forward usually posterolaterally
36
What are the joints of the vertebral arches?
zygapophysial Z joints plane synovial joints between superior and inferior articular processes of adjacent vertebrae some gliding and sliding movement
37
What is a laminectomy?
Excision of spinous process and adjacent supporting vertebral laminae in a region of the vertebral column gain access to vertebral canal and expose spinal cord relieve pressure on the spinal cord or nerve roots from tumor herniated IV disc or bony hypertrophy
38
Where does the spinal cord run?
Medulla oblongata to conus medullaris in vertebral canal extends from foramen magnum to the L1 or L2 vertebrae in adults and L3 in children
39
What are the two enlargements?
cervical (upper extremity) C5-T1 | lumbosacral (lower extremity) -L1-S3
40
What is the cauda equina?
horse tail | loose bundle of spinal nerve roots arising from lumbosacral enlargement
41
Blood supply of the spinal cord
one anterior spinal artery two posterior spinal arteries that are branches of vertebral artery superiorly anterior and posterior receive blood fro radicular arteries derived from spinal branches of arteries in the vicinity (posterior interocostal, lumbar, iliolumbar lateral sacral)
42
Where does the spinal cord venous draingage?
epidural space of vertebral canal | internal vertebral plexus
43
Where is cerebral spinal fluid?>
subarachnoid space
44
Where do dura and arachnoid end?
S2 fuse with pia
45
What is filum terminale?
delicate ligament from conus medullaris to coccyx made of pia matter and then fuse with dura and arachnoid
46
What are the two parts of the filum terminale?
``` pial part (internal) dural part (externum) ```
47
What is dentriculate ligament?
ligament formed by pia matter that laterally pierces the arachnoid to be attached to the dura between the two spinal roots
48
Where is a lumbar puncture?
subarachnoid space to get CSF between L3 and L4 | no spinal cord here because ends at L1/L3 in adults
49
Name the structures of the vertebral canal
1) epidural space 2) dura mater (outside tough layer) 3. subdural space 4. arachnoid mater (whispy connections) 5. subarachnoid space with CSF 6. pia mater (tender mother signel layer around cord) 7. spinal cord and cauda equina
50
How many spinal nerves are there?
31 pairs ``` 8 cervical 12 thoracic 5 lumbar 5 sacral 1 coccygeal ```
51
Where does serratus anterior attach?
medial border of scapula
52
How does humerous abduct?
supraspinatus initiates 10-15 degrees deltoid raise to 90 trapezius completes to 180
53
What are the rotator cuff muscles?
SitS supraspinatus (most frequently torn) infraspinatus teres minor subscapularis
54
Where do the SitS insert?
Supraspinatus, infraspinatus, teres minor insert into greater tubercle of humerus subscapularis inserts onto lesser tubercle of humerus
55
What is the lady between two majors?
Lati dors inserts on Floor of bicipital groove of humerus after spiraling around teres major Teres major and pectoralis major
56
What are the subclavian artery branches?
Vitamin c and sometimes D Vertebral artery internal thoracic artery thyrocervical trunk Costocerival trunk Dorsal scapular artery

SHB (22 decks)

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