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Face Flashcards

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1
Q

How many bones are in the skull?

A

22

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2
Q

What are the two categories of skull bones?

A

Neurocranium

Viscerocranium

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3
Q

What are the neurocranium bones?

A

cranial vault

parietal
temporal
frontal
occipital
sphenoid
ethmoid
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4
Q

What are the viscerocranium bones of the skull?

A

face

mandible
maxilla
palatine
zygomatic
lacrimal
vomer
nasal
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5
Q

Where do the muscles of the facial expression originate and insert?

A

Originate from bone

Insert into skin

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6
Q

What innervates ALL of the muscles of facial expression?

A

same motor innervation
Facial nerve CN 7
through parotid gland

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7
Q

Frontalis

A

Origin: occipital: highest nuchal line and mastoid process, Frontal: superior fibers of upper fascial muscles
Insertion: galeal aponeurosis
Action: wrinkles forehead and fixes galeal aponeurosis
Nerve: posterior auricular and temporal branches of facial VII

lifts up eye brows

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8
Q

Orbicularis oculi

A

upper eyelid pulls up
closes eye
circular muscle so constricts opening

Origin: medial orbital margin and lacrimal sac
Insertion: lateral palpebral raphe
Action: closes eyelids, aids passage and drainage of tears
Nerve: temporal and zygomatic branches of facial nerve VII

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9
Q

Is there a muscle that pulls the lower lid up?

A

NO

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10
Q

Zygomaticus major

A

from zygomatic process
pulls mouth back and up

Origin: anterior surface of zygomatic bone
Insertion: modiolus at angle of mouth
Action: elevates and draws angle of mouth laterally
Nerve: buccal branch of facial nerve VII

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11
Q

buccinator

A

deep muscle
insert into upper and lower lip
into “modailis”
chewing muscle

Origin: External alveolar margins of maxilla and mandible by molar teeth, to maxillary tubercle and pterygoid hamulus and posterior mylohyoid line respectively, then via pterygomandibular raphe between bones
Insertion: decussates at modiolus of mouth and intedigitates with opposite side
Action: aids mastiction, tenses cheeks in blowing and whistling, aids closure of mouth
Nerve: buccal branch of facial nerve VII

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12
Q

What pierces the buccinator?

A

parotid duct

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13
Q

What does sensory innervation for the face?

A

Trigeminal nerve CN V

3 divisions with branches

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14
Q

Where does facial nerve CN V7 exit skull?

A

stylomastoid foramen

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15
Q

Orbicularis oris

A

Origin: Near midline on anterior surface of maxilla and mandible and modiolus at angle of mouth
Insertion: mucous membrane of margin of kips and raohe with buccinator at modiolus
Action: narrows orifice of mouth, purses lips and puckers lip edges
Nerve: accessory parts are incisivus labii superioris and inferioris

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16
Q

What are the 5 major branches of the facial nerve?

A 
Temporal (ten)
zygomatic (zebras)
buccal (bashed)
marginal/mandibular (my)
cervical (car)- platysma
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17
Q

What happens if the facial nerve is damaged?

A

Bell’s palsy
if need to remove parotid gland or inflammation near stylomastoid foramen
flaccid muscles so smooth

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18
Q

What happens if the facial nerve is damaged?

A

Bell’s palsy
if need to remove parotid gland or inflammation near stylomastoid foramen
flaccid muscles so smooth

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19
Q

What are the 3 divisions of the trigeminal nerve?

A
  1. ophthalmic
  2. maxillary
  3. mandibular
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20
Q

What is the difference between buccal facial and buccal trigeminal?

A

Facial- motor only

trigeminal- sensory only

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21
Q

What does auriculo temporal run with?

A

superficial temporal artery

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22
Q

What exit points line up?

A

supraorbital
infraorbital
mental

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23
Q

Where does the ophthalmic division V1 go?

A

purely sensory
passes through the cavernous sinus
exit through superior orbital fissure

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24
Q

What are the terminal branches of V1?

A

LaSSIE

Lacrimal- structures superior to the lateral canthus of the eyes
Supraorbital- superior to the orbit
supratrochlear- superior to the medial canthus of the eye
infratrochlear- the region of the medial canthus
external nasal- anterior and lateral aspect of the external nose

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25
Where does maxillary division of V2 go?
Purely sensory passes through cavernous sinus leaves skull through foramen rotundum
26
What are the branches of maxillary division?
Zygomaticotemporal- lateral and superior to orbit Zygomaticofacial- lateral and inferior to the orbit Infraorbital- large nerve inferior to the orbit Alveolar nerves (posterior superior, middle superior, anterior superior)
27
Where does the mandibular V3 branch go?
Sensory AND motor leaves skull through formen ovale enter infratemporal fossa divides into anterior and posterior divisions
28
What are the divisions of mandibular V3?
posterior- 1ry sensory auriculotemporal- anterior to ear and superiorly into temporal region (carries parasympathetic secetomotor fibers) lingual- oral cavity inferior alveolar/mental- teeth and upper lip Anterior= 1ry motor buccal- sensory to cheek and oral mucosa
29
What is the parotid gland?
large superficially located salivary gland | secretes serous fluid via the parotid duct
30
What is the parotid duct?
stensons duct pierces the buccinator muscle enters the oral cavity adjacent to the upper 2nd molar
31
What innervates the parotid gland?
parasympathetic GLOAP ``` glossopharyngeal nerve IX- travels in lesser petrosal nerve- synapses in otic ganglion (exiting foramen ovale)- travel in auriculotemporal nerve- to innervate parotid gland ```
32
What is the main arterial supply for the face?
superficial tempral and facial | both are branches of external carotid
33
What is the arterial supply for the area above the orbits?
supraorbital and supratrochlear branches of the ophthalmic a originates from internal carotid
34
What supplies te posterior area of the skull?
branches of the external carotid a, occipital, and posterior auricular
35
What are the principle veins of the face?
``` ophthalmic facial deep facial superficial temporal retromandibular ```
36
Where do the ophthalmic and deep facial vein drain>?
to the pterygoid plexus and or cavernous sinus pool of blood that keeps face warm
37
What happens if an infection occurs in the upper face danger triangle?
potential bacteria can migrate to deep facial vein into cranum infection can spread to pterygoid plexus and cavernous sinus cause meningits or encephalitis
38
Do facial plexus and arteries have valves?
No
39
How does gravity affect the facial veins?
disctibutes when standing up laying down blood goes to plexus and cavernous sinus can spread disease canvernous sinus is inside the skull pterygoid plexus is outside the skull but has connecting veins
40
Are there lymph nodes in the scalp?
NO nothing above the zygomatic arch- uses gravity to drain
41
What are the arteries of the scalp?
internal carotid (opthalmic) supratrochlear supraorbital external carotid superficial temporal posterior auricular occipital
42
What are the nerves of the scalp?
ophthalmic nerve V1 supratrochlear supraorbital maxillary nerve V2 zygomatico-temporal mandibular nerve V3 auriculotemporal cervical plexus lesser occipital greater occipital
43
Why do scalp injuries bleed so much?
so many arties in scalp so cant clamp off just one apply pressure
44
Where do all of the scalp nerves end up?
in trigeminal nucleus for sensory innervation
45
What are the boundaries of the scalp?
supraorbital ridge- anterior boundary superior nuchal line- posterior boundary zygomatic arch- lateral boundary
46
What are the layers of the scalp?
SCALP Skin- hair follicles, sweat glands, sebaceous glands connective tissue- tough, dense with arteries, veins, nerves aponeurotic- epicranius muscle and galea aponeurotica loose connective tissue layer- contains emissary veins periostium- fibrous tissue that adheres to the bones of the skull
47
What layer contains the arteries, veins, nerves of the scalp?
aponeurotic layer
48
What muscles form the helmet?
galea aponeurotica frontalis occipitalis
49
Why are there black eyes from head wound?
Drainage | Blood travels under aponeurotic layer to soft tissue near eyes
50
Where is parotid gland located?
Superficial and then goes behind the mandible
51
Masseter
origin: anterior two thirds of zygomatic arch and zygomatic process of maxilla Insertion: lateral surface of angle and lower ramus of mandible Action: elevates mandible (enables forced closure of mouth) Nerve: anterior division of mandibular nerve V
52
What two superficial face muscles are involved in mastication?
Masseter and temporalis
53
What nerve carries parasympathetic fivers of 9 to the parotid?
auriculotemporal- V3
54
Lateral pterygoid
thick triangle- OPEN mouth Origin: superior head: infratemporal surface of sphenoid bone/ inferior head: lateral surface of lateral pterygoid plate Insertion: superior- capsule and disc of TMJ/ inferior- anterior surface of the neck of the mandible at pterygoid fovea Action: Depresses and protracts mandible to open mouth. Pulls forward cartilage of joint during opening of mouth. Aids in chewing and grinding food. Nerve: nerves to lateral pterygoid (anterior division of mandibular nerve (V3)
55
Medial pterygoid
deep to lat pterygoid/parallel to masseter- CLOSES mouth Origin: Deep head medial side of lateral pterygoid plate and fossa between medial and lateral plates . Superficial head : Tuberosity of maxilla and pyramidal process of palatine bone Insertion: Medial aspect of angle of mandible Action: Elevates the mandible and assits in closing the jaw. Assists the lateral pterygoids in moving the jaw side-to-side/grinding Nerve: Nerve to medial pterygoid (main trunk of mandibular nerve (V3)
56
What are the bones of the temporal fossa?
parietal teporal sphenoid (greater wing) frontal inferiorly- temporal fossa communicates with infratemporal fossa at the zygomatic arch
57
Temporalis
Origin: Temporal fossa between inferior temporal line (superficial fibers) and infratemporal crest (deep fibers) Insertion Medial and anterior aspect of coronoid process of mandible Action: Elevates mandible and posterior fibers retract Nerve: Deep temporal branches from anterior division of mandibular nerve (V)
58
What is the ledge of bone in the infratemporal fossa?
infratemporal crest runs along a portion of greater wing of sphenoid to te squamous portion of the temporal bone
59
What does the superomedial roof of the infratemporal fossa contain?
``` foramen ovale (V3) (with para sympathetic nerve fibers) foramen spinosum (middle meningeal artery) petrotempanic fissure (chorda tympani nerve) ```
60
What does the anterior wall of the infratemporal fossa contain?
alveolar foramen | inferior orbital fissure
61
What does the lateral wall of the infratemporal fossa contain?
mandibular foramen (inferior alveolar n and A)
62
What does the medial wall of the infratemproal fossa contain?
ptrygomaxillary fissure strutures pass from pterygopalatine fossa to nasal cavity via sphenopalatine foramine
63
What are the two muscles of the soft palate?
tensor and levator veli palatini
64
What is in the infratemporal fossa?
medial and lateral pterygoid muslces maxillary artery and branches mandibular division of the trigeminal nerve V3 seniory and motor branches of facial nerve 7- chorda tympani branches of glossopharyngeal nerve 9
65
What jaw muscles protract?
lateral pterygoid little bit of medial pterygoid small contribution from masseter
66
What muscles retract jaw?
posterior fibers of temporalis and deep fibers of masseter
67
What muscles elevate the jaw (close)?
temporalis, masseter, medial pterygoid
68
What muscles depress the jaw (open)?
lateral pterygoid, digastric (against resistance), mylohyoid, geniohyoid, infrahyoid GRAVITY*
69
What muscles grind and chew jaw?
ipsilateral masseter and temporalis, contralateral medial and lateral pterygoids muscles act in series not at once USE OPPOSITE- to move to right use left
70
What mouth issue is usually preceived as jaw, tooth, temporal pain>
Temperomandibular joint- TMJ
71
What kind of joint is TMJ?
synovial (diarthrodial) does NOT contain usual hyaline cartilage has dense irregular connective tissue articular disc modified hinge joint to slide forward
72
What are the 2 compartments of the TMJ?
1st movement- lower compartment hinge movement (rotational) causes jaw to open 1 finger breadth 2nd movement- uppper compartment after lower hinge sliding gliding movement fully opning 2 finger breadth and protrusion of mandible articular disc moves with the head of mandible- not bone on bone
73
What are the 3 parts o the maxillary artery divided by the lateral pterygoid?
mandibular- passes anteriorly, deep to theneck of mandibular condyle pterygoid- passes across the lateral pterygoid pterygopalatine- after passes through the pterygomaxillary fissure to enter infratempora fossa
74
What is MIDBIPS?
``` Middle mengingeal a inf alveolar a (lower teeth/mental) ant/post deep temporal a buccal a infraorbial a post sup., alveolar sphenoplatine a ```
75
How does mandibular division of trigeminal V3 travel?
edits middle cranial offa through foramen ovale enters infratemporal fossa anterior and posterior divisions
76
What does the anterior division of the mandibular nerve branch to?
1pry MOTOR anterior and posterior deep temporal n nerve to the lateral pterygoid nerve to masseter EXCEPT: buccal= sensory to external cheek and oral cavity
77
What does the posterior division of the mandubular nerve branch to?
1ry SENSORY auriculotemporal lingual inferior aveolar
78
What is special about the auriculotemporal nerve?
sensory to anterior ear and temporal region 1) GLOAP: Lesser pretrosal nerve (pregang parasym) derived from glossopharyngeal nerve IX runts to the Otic ganglion to synapse. Post gang fibers leaving OG run with auriculotemporal n to supply seretomotor fivers to parotid gland. 2) Auriculotemporal splits to encircle the middle meningeal artery before foramen spinosum. rejoins to conintue in front of ear through parotid gland
79
What does lingual n innervate?
V3 general sensory innervate from anterior 2/3rds of tongue (pain, temp touch)
80
What is special about the lingual nerve?
Receives the chorda tympani n CNII
81
What does chorda tympani do?
CNVII exits petrotympanic fissure and enters infratemporal to join lingual SVA fibers for taste from anterior 2/3 of tongue also carry pregang para GVE from submanidibular ganglion post gang fibers from submand g provide secetomotor innervation to the submand and subling glands
82
What carries fibers to all 3 salivary glands?
branches of CNV
83
What does the inferior aveolar n do?
``` pass through mandibular foramen enters mandivular canal supplies sensory innervation to mandibular (lower) teeth goes anteriorly and exits mental foramen = mental nerve ```
84
What is special about the aveolar n?
gives off nerve to mylohyoid | before entering mandibular foramen
85
What does nerve to mylohyoid do?
runs anteriorly and inferiorly to innervate MOTOR anterior belly of digastric and mylohyoid

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