Embryology & Pathology

Question 1

When does the primordial gut form?

Answer 1

Week 4

Question 2

___ and ___ folding form the primitive gut tube

Answer 2

Cephalocaudal and lateral folding

Question 3

The primitive gut tube is bound cephalically by ___ and caudally by ___

Answer 3

cephalically by oropharyngeal membrane and caudally by cloacal membrane

Question 4

What are the divisions of the alimentary system in development?

Answer 4

• Foregut
• Midgut
• Hindgut

Question 5

Which division of the developing alimentary system remains temporarily connected to a yolk sac?

Answer 5

Midgut

Question 6

What is ventral mesentery derived from?

Answer 6

Mesenchyme of septum transversum

Question 7

What is dorsal mesentery?

Answer 7

Continuous sheet extending along posterior abdominal wall from abdominal esophagus to rectum

Question 8

Which division of the developing alimentary system contains the primordial pharynx and its derivatives?

Answer 8

Foregut

Question 9

Which division of the developing alimentary system contains the lower respiratory system?

Answer 9

Foregut

Question 10

Which division of the developing alimentary system contains the esophagus and stomach?

Answer 10

Foregut

Question 11

Which division of the developing alimentary system contains the liver and biliary system?

Answer 11

Foregut

Question 12

Which division of the developing alimentary system contains the pancreas?

Answer 12

Foregut

Question 13

foregut

What does the ventral mesogastrum consist of?

Answer 13

Lesser omentum and falciform ligament

Question 14

foregut

What is contained in the falciform ligament?

Answer 14

Umbilical vein= round ligament of the liver

Question 15

foregut

What does the dorsal mesogastrum consist of?

Answer 15

Greater omentum, also fuses with transverse mesocolon mesentery

Question 16

foregut

How is the omental bursa formed?

Answer 16

Stomach 90 degree clockwise rotation on longitudinal axis forms omental bursa

Question 17

foregut

How is the duodenum formed into a C-shape?

Answer 17

Stomach 90 degree clockwise rotation

Question 18

foregut

As the pancreas grows, what organ is pushed to the right?

Answer 18

Duodenum

Question 19

foregut

How does the liver develop?

Answer 19

Cells start to proliferate within portions of mesoderm derived septum transversum

Question 20

foregut

As ___ grows, it contacts the central tendon of the diaphragm

Answer 20

liver (bare area contacts)

Question 21

The duodenum distal to bile duct opening as well as the small intestine is within the ___ in development

Answer 21

midgut

Question 22

Which division of the developing alimentary system contains the cecum?

Answer 22

Midgut

Question 23

Which division of the developing alimentary system contains the appendix?

Answer 23

Midgut

Question 24

Which division of the developing alimentary system contains the ascending colon?

Answer 24

Midgut

Question 25

Which division of the developing alimentary system contains the right 1/2-2/3 of the transverse colon?

Answer 25

Midgut

Question 26

The rapid elongation of gut and mesentery is the ___ located in the ___

Answer 26

**primary intestinal loop** located in the **midgut**

Question 27

#midgut When does physiological umbilical herniation occur?

Answer 27

Week 8

Question 28

Describe midgut rotation

Answer 28

270 degrees counterclockwise around superior mesenteric artery axis

Question 29

#midgut When does umbilical herniation retraction occur?

Answer 29

Week 10

Question 30

Which division of the developing alimentary system contains the left 1/3 to 1/2 of the transverse colon?

Answer 30

Hindgut

Question 31

Which division of the developing alimentary system contains the descending colon?

Answer 31

Hindgut

Question 32

Which division of the developing alimentary system contains the sigmoid colon?

Answer 32

Hindgut

Question 33

Which division of the developing alimentary system contains the superior portion of the anal canal and rectum?

Answer 33

Hindgut

Question 34

Which division of the developing alimentary system contains the internal lining of the bladder and urethra?

Answer 34

Hindgut

Question 35

#hindgut The anal canal migrates into...

Answer 35

the cloacal region

Question 36

#hindgut What happens to the cloacal membrane?

Answer 36

Cloacal membrane degenerates

Question 37

#hindgut The pectinate line separates...

Answer 37

superior and inferior anal canal

Question 38

#hindgut What is the superior anal canal derived from?

Answer 38

Endoderm (columnar epithelium)

Question 39

#hindgut What is the inferior anal canal derived from?

Answer 39

Ectoderm (stratified squamous epithelium)

Question 40

Where will the urorectal and rectovaginal pouches form?

Answer 40

The hindgut

Question 41

What is cirrhosis (macroscopically)?

Answer 41

* Hepatomegaly (liver) * "Hobnail" external appearance

Question 42

What are two hepatic pathologies?

Answer 42

Cirrhosis and portal vein hypertension

Question 43

What is a common pathology of the gallbladder/bile?

Answer 43

Gallstones aka cholelithiasis/cholesterol crystals

Question 44

What type of patient is most likely to have gallstones?

Answer 44

Females are more likely than males Risk increases with age

Question 45

Gallstones are injury to... or...

Answer 45

gallbladder or biliary tract obstruction

Question 46

In about 50% of cases, gallstones are...

Answer 46

asymptomatic

Question 47

Name four congenital anomalies of the kidney

Answer 47

* Ectopic kidneys * Bifid renal pelvis or ureter * Accessory renal arteries * Polycystic kidney disease

Question 48

What is polycystic kidney disease?

Answer 48

* Autosomal dominant, inherited disorder * Cysts measure up to 5cm

Question 49

Kidney stones are also known as...

Answer 49

renal calculi/mineral deposits

Question 50

With kidney stones, where does pain refer?

Answer 50

Lumbar (flank), inguinal region, or external genitalia

Question 51

What is renal colic?

Answer 51

Involves severe intermittent pain as stones pass through ureter

Question 52

With pararenal inflammation, what movement may invoke pain in the pararenal region and why?

Answer 52

Extension of the hip can increase pain associated with pararenal inflammation due to relationship with psoas minor