Superficial Head & Neck

Question 1

The muscles of the scalp and face develop from…

Answer 1

mesoderm of 2nd pharyngeal arch

Question 2

All facial muscles are innervated by…

Answer 2

CN VII facial nerve

Question 3

What are the main actions of occipitofrontalis muscle?

Answer 3

• Elevates eyebrows, wrinkles skin of forehead
• Protracts scalp (surprise)
• Retracts scalp

Question 4

What are the main actions of orbicularis oculi (orbital sphincter) muscle?

Answer 4

Closes eyelids: gently and tightly

Question 5

What are the main actions of corrugator supercilii muscle?

Answer 5

Draws eyebrow medially and inferiorly, creating vertical wrinkles above nose (worry)

Question 6

What are the main actions of procerus plus transverse part of nasalis muscles?

Answer 6

Depresses medial end of eyebrow, wrinkles skin over dorsum of nose (disdain)

Question 7

What are the main actions of alar part of nasalis plus levator labii superioris alaeque nasi muscles?

Answer 7

Depresses ala laterally, dilating anterior nasal aperture (flaring nostrils)
Helps to elevate upper lip

Question 8

What are the main actions of orbicularis oris muscle?

Answer 8

Tonus closes oral fissure; phasic contraction compresses and protrudes lips (kissing) or resists distension (when blowing)

Question 9

What are the main actions of levator labii superioris muscle?

Answer 9

Part of dilators of mouth; retract (elevate) and/or evert upper lip; deepen nasolabial sulcus (showing sadness)

Question 10

What are the main actions of zygomaticus minor muscle?

Answer 10

Part of dilators of mouth; retract (elevate) and/or evert upper lip; deepen nasolabial sulcus (showing sadness)

Question 11

What are the main actions of buccinator muscle?

Answer 11

Presses cheek against molar teeth; works with tongue to keep food between occlusal surfaces and out of oral vestibule; resists distension (when blowing)

Question 12

What are the main actions of zygomaticus major muscle?

Answer 12

Part of dilators of mouth; elevate labial commissure– bilaterally to smile, unilaterally to sneer

Question 13

What are the main actions of levator anguli oris muscle?

Answer 13

Part of dilators of mouth; widens oral fissure, as when grinning or grimacing

Question 14

What are the main actions of risorius muscle?

Answer 14

Part of dilators of mouth, depresses labial commissure bilaterally to frown

Question 15

What are the main actions of depressor anguli oris muscle?

Answer 15

Part of dilators of mouth; depresses labial commissure bilaterally to frown

Question 16

What are the main actions of depressor labii inferioris muscle?

Answer 16

Part of dilators of mouth; retracts (depresses) and/or everts lower lip (pouting)

Question 17

What are the main actions of mentalis muscle?

Answer 17

Elevates and protrudes lower lip; elevates skin of chin (showing doubt)

Question 18

What are the main actions of platysma muscle?

Answer 18

Depresses mandible (against resistance); tenses skin of inferior face and neck (tension and stress)

Question 19

Name the five “smiling muscles”

Answer 19

• Levator labii superioris
• Zygomaticus major
• Levator anguli oris
• Risoris
• Orbicularis oculi

Question 20

What are the three parts of orbicularis oculi?

Answer 20

• Palpebral
• Orbital
• Lacrimal

Question 21

Name the eight “frowning muscles”

Answer 21

• Depressor labii inferioris
• Depressor anguli oris
• Platysma
• Orbicularis oris
• Orbicularis oculi
• Corrugator supercilli
• Procerus
• Mentalis

Question 22

What is the innervation of the masseter?

Answer 22

V3 mandibular branch of CN V trigeminal

Question 23

What is the sphincter muscle of the palpebral fissure?

Answer 23

Orbicularis oculi

Question 24

What is the dilator muscle of the palpebral fissure?

Answer 24

Levator palpebrae superioris and occipitofrontalis
(anterior portion is frontalis and posterior portion is occipitalis)

Question 25

What is the sphincter muscle of the oral fissure?

Answer 25

Orbicularis oris

Question 26

What is the dilator muscle of the oral fissure?

Answer 26

All muscles of oral movement except mentalis

Question 27

What are the six components of the parotid region?

Answer 27

* Parotid gland * Parotid duct * Parotid plexus of CN VII * Retromandibular vein * External carotid artery * Masseter muscle

Question 28

Name three salivary glands

Answer 28

* Parotid glands * Submandibular glands * Sublingual glands

Question 29

What are the functions of saliva?

Answer 29

* Maintains moist environment for oral mucosa * Lubrication during chewing * Digestion and break down of starches * Prevention of tooth decay/maintenance of biofilm

Question 30

Which gland is the largest salivary gland?

Answer 30

Parotid gland

Question 31

Where is the parotid gland?

Answer 31

Anteroinferior to external acoustic meatus

Question 32

The parotid sheath/capsule is derived from...

Answer 32

investing layer of deep cervical fascia

Question 33

What ligament is contained within the parotid sheath/capsule?

Answer 33

Stylomandibular ligament

Question 34

Describe the path of the parotid duct

Answer 34

* Runs horizontally with buccal nerve from anterior of gland * Pierces buccinator * Enters oral cavity at opposite 2nd maxillary molar

Question 35

What cranial nerve is responsible for motor innervation of the face?

Answer 35

CN VII facial

Question 36

Which branches of the facial nerve are responsible for motor innervation of the face?

Answer 36

* Posterior auricular nerve * Terminal branches of the parotid plexus

Question 37

Name five terminal branches of the parotid plexus

Answer 37

* Temporal * Zygomatic * Buccal * Marginal mandibular * Cervical

Question 38

What cranial nerve is responsible for sensory innervation of the face?

Answer 38

CN V trigeminal

Question 39

What are the three branches of the trigeminal nerve providing sensory innervation to the face?

Answer 39

* Ophthalmic (V1) * Maxillary (V2) * Mandibular (V3)

Question 40

What branches from the ophthalmic nerve V1?

Answer 40

* Supraorbital nerve * Supratrochlear nerve

Question 41

What branches from the maxillary nerve V2?

Answer 41

Infraorbital nerve

Question 42

What branches from the mandibular nerve V3?

Answer 42

Sensory and motor: * Auriculotemporal nerve * Mental nerve * Buccal nerve

Question 43

Does CN VII facial innervate the parotid gland?

Answer 43

No

Question 44

The auriculotemporal nerve is a branch of...

Answer 44

V3 (mandibular nerve)

Question 45

What is the parasympathetic innervation of the parotid gland?

Answer 45

* Auriculotemporal nerve (branch of V3 mandibular nerve) * CN IX -- otic ganglion

Question 46

What is the sympathetic innervation of the parotid gland?

Answer 46

External carotid plexus

Question 47

What are the sensory fibers innervating the parotid gland?

Answer 47

* Auriculotemporal nerve * Great auricular nerve

Question 48

What are the two main arteries supplying the face?

Answer 48

* Facial artery * Superficial temporal artery

Question 49

The facial artery is a branch of...

Answer 49

external carotid artery

Question 50

What are the branches off the facial artery?

Answer 50

* Inferior labial artery * Superior labial artery * Angular artery

Question 51

The superficial temporal artery is a terminal branch of...

Answer 51

external carotid artery

Question 52

What branches off of the superficial temporal artery?

Answer 52

Transverse facial artery

Question 53

What are the two main veins draining the face?

Answer 53

* Facial vein * Retromandibular vein

Question 54

The facial vein communicates with... draining into...

Answer 54

communicates with **superior ophthalmic vein** draining into **cavernous sinus**

Question 55

The retromandibular vein is a union of...

Answer 55

superficial temporal and maxillary veins

Question 56

The retromandibular vein divides into what divisions?

Answer 56

Anterior and posterior

Question 57

The anterior division of the retromandibular vein and the facial vein form the...

Answer 57

common facial vein

Question 58

The anterior division of the retromandibular vein and the facial vein form the common facial vein Where does the common facial vein drain into?

Answer 58

Internal jugular vein

Question 59

The posterior division of the retromandibular vein and the posterior auricular vein form the...

Answer 59

external jugular vein

Question 60

What two veins form the common facial vein?

Answer 60

Anterior division of retromandibular vein and facial vein

Question 61

What two veins form the external jugular vein?

Answer 61

Posterior division of retromandibular vein and posterior auricular vein

Question 62

Describe the veins in the danger triangle of the face

Answer 62

* Facial vein has no valves * Communication between facial vein and cavernous sinus means potential for spread of infection

Question 63

Name the five lymph nodes included in the superficial ring (pericervical collar) draining the face

Answer 63

* Submental * Submandibular * Parotid * Mastoid * Occipital

Question 64

Superficial lymph vessels of the face follow...

Answer 64

veins

Question 65

Deep lymph vessels of the face follow...

Answer 65

arteries

Question 66

All lymphatic drainage of the face goes to... along...

Answer 66

goes to deep cervical lymph nodes along internal jugular vein

Question 67

What are the two cervical fascias?

Answer 67

Superficial and deep cervical fascias

Question 68

What are three components of the superficial cervical fascia?

Answer 68

* Cervical subcutaneous tissue * Contains the platysma * Contains superficial nerves and vessels

Question 69

What are some functions of deep cervical fascia?

Answer 69

* Support cervical viscera * Form carotid sheath * Limit infection spread * Reduce friction between moving structures and surgical planes

Question 70

What are the three layers of deep cervical fascia?

Answer 70

* Investing * Pretracheal * Prevertebral

Question 71

Origin and insertion of platysma

Answer 71

O: Fascia overlying pectoralis major and deltoid muscles I: Inferior border of mandible, skin, and subcutaneous tissues of lower face

Question 72

Innervation of platysma

Answer 72

CN VII facial

Question 73

Actions of platysma

Answer 73

* Draws corners of mouth inferiorly and widens it * Draws skin of neck superiorly when teeth are clenched

Question 74

Origin and insertion of sternocleidomastoid

Answer 74

O: sternal head- anterior surface of manubrium; clavicular head- superior surface of medial third clavicle I: lateral surface of mastoid process, temporal; lateral half of superior nuchal line

Question 75

Innervation of sternocleidomastoid

Answer 75

* CN XI spinal accessory nerve * C3 and C4 pain and proprioception

Question 76

What action is achieved by unilateral contraction of sternocleidomastoid?

Answer 76

Tilts head to same side (lateral flexion) and rotates it so face is turned superiorly toward opposite side

Question 77

With bilateral contraction of sternocleidomastoid, which joint is the neck extended at?

Answer 77

Atlanto-occipital joints

Question 78

With bilateral contraction of sternocleidomastoid, the cervical vertebrae are flexed so that the chin...

Answer 78

approaches manubrium

Question 79

With bilateral contraction of sternocleidomastoid, cervical vertebrae are fixed, and manubrium and medial ends of clavicles are elevated What does this assist with?

Answer 79

Pump-handle action of deep respiration

Question 80

What are the borders of the posterior triangle of the neck?

Answer 80

Trapezius, SCM, clavicle

Question 81

The posterior triangle of the neck contains which other triangles?

Answer 81

* Occipital triangle * Subclavian triangle

Question 82

The anterior triangle of the neck contains which other triangles?

Answer 82

* Submandibular (digastric triangle) * Submental triangle * Carotid triangle * Muscular triangle

Question 83

What are the borders of the anterior triangle of the neck?

Answer 83

SCM, midline, mandible

Question 84

What is the innervation of the superficial neck?

Answer 84

Cervical plexus

Question 85

What is included in the cervical plexus?

Answer 85

* Ventral rami of C1-C4 * Cutaneous branches * Nerve point of the neck (Erb's point)

Question 86

Nerve point of the neck (Erb's point) is included in the cervical plexus What is included in the nerve point of the neck?

Answer 86

* Lesser occipital nerve (C2) * Great auricular nerve (C2 and C3) * Transverse cervical nerve (C2 and C3) * Supraclavicular nerves (C3 and C4) (medial, intermediate, lateral)

Question 87

What artery may be seen in the superficial neck?

Answer 87

Transverse cervical artery

Question 88

What two main veins drain the superficial neck?

Answer 88

* Anterior jugular vein * External jugular vein

Question 89

What two veins form the external jugular vein?

Answer 89

* Posterior division of retromandibular vein * Posterior auricular vein

Question 90

What veins drain into the anterior jugular vein?

Answer 90

Submandibular veins

Question 91

Where will the anterior jugular vein drain to?

Answer 91

External jugular or subclavian veins