Emotion theories

Question 1

Darwin

Answer 1

Adaptive functions, universal

• Verbal + non-verbal expression
• Several basic emotions, largely innate

3 principles
1. Principles of serviceable associated habits; emotion as a purpose of evolution (survival) but not necessary anymore

2. Principle of antithesis; most emotions have a counterpart
3. Principle of expressive habits through nervous system; sensory exposure trough distinct reaction (facial muscles)

Question 2

James-Lange

Answer 2

Bodily responses

• Physiological pattern (+ (non)verbal expression)
• Physiological sensation causes emotion, without = no emotional experience

1. Facial feedback hypothesis
   (Facial) expression effect on emotion experience
2. Cognitive inhibition of body weakens emotion
   Weaker SCR and pain for concealed group vs expression group
3. Substance-induced boidly changes alter emotions/neural activity
   Amygdala activity increased when lower brow, muted effect w botox

Question 3

Demasio, Le Doux

Answer 3

Quick decisions

Demasio; Emotions necessary for appropriate decisions

LeDoux:
Two pathways for processing stimuli
1. High (cortical) indirect route:
Identify stimulus, emotional evaluation, action

2. Low (subcortical) direct route
   Direct shortcut to thalamus and amygdala for action.

Proof
1. Quicker response to threat
2. Amygdala involved in threat recognition
3. No need for conscious visuon to adaquately react.

Question 4

Arnold

Answer 4

Based on appraisal

Question 5

Averill

Answer 5

Social constructs
- Not necessarily biological or universal
-

Question 6

Cannon’s criticism

Answer 6

1. Visceral seperation of CNS doesn’t alter emotion
   Severed cats nerves, still showed emotion
   = false, only in animals, the more severe in humans the less emotion perception
2. Visceral changes too slow to be source
   = false, MEG show neural effect before conscious
3. Relation of bodily state : emotion state is not 1:1
   = True, diff states have common bodily response
4. Artificial induction doesn’t produce emotion
   Schacter-Singer experiment;
   = false, same arousal can be named different depending on cognitive aspects

Question 7

Schachter’s two-factor theory

Answer 7

Appraisal/context/cognition and arousal pattern create phenomenal experience

• context and expectations can alter emotions

1. Acknowledge that ermotional experience largely depends on bodily changes
   So physiological changes precede experience
2. both cognition and appraisal precede experience in some way
   thus bodily changes not solely responsible
3. Arousal must be interpreted
   Emotion = arousal + cognitive component

Question 8

Pessoa

Answer 8

Idea that amygdala has a modulating role on other regions, not so much that it is the key region.

Depends on other cognitive factors like attention
*opposite of LeDoux
- Seen in the top down control of amygdala response, When the task is hard less active