Endochrine Flashcards
(107 cards)
1
Q
Cells make up what fraction of total body water?
A
2/3
2
Q
What determines total ECF?
A
Na+
3
Q
Fasting BGL levels
A
3.5 - 6 mmol/L
4
Q
Non-fasting BGL levels
A
3.5 - 8 mmol/L
5
Q
Na+ conc
A
135 - 145 mmol/L
6
Q
Ca+ conc
A
2.2 - 2.6 mmol/L
7
Q
K+ conc
A
3.5 - 5 mmol/L
8
Q
ECF osmolarity
A
275 - 300 mosmol/L
9
Q
Ca+ is impotant for
A
Blood clotting
Enzyme function
10
Q
Paracrines act on
A
Nearby cells
11
Q
Prostaglandins
A
Act as local hormones or paracrine factors
12
Q
Prostaglandins are involved in:
A
Inflammation and pain
13
Q
Cytokines
A
Small proteins that are signalling molecules
14
Q
Cytokines released by
A
White blood cells
15
Q
Cytokines released during:
A
Immune response
16
Q
Protein hormones amino acid numbers:
A
50-200
17
Q
Peptide hormone amino acid numbers:
A
3-49
18
Q
Glycoproteins hormones
A
Protein hormones with CHO group
19
Q
Protein and peptide hormones synthesised:
A
Ribosomes of RER
20
Q
Steroid hormones derived from:
A
Cholesterol
21
Q
hGH hormone type:
A
Protein
22
Q
Insulin hormone type:
A
Protein
23
Q
Prolactin hormone type:
A
Protein
24
Q
Tyrosine turns into:
A
Catecholamines
Thyroid hormones
25
Tryptophan turns into:
Seretonin
Melatonin
26
Histadine turns into:
Histamine
27
Catecholamine hormones:
Adrenaline
Noradrenaline
Dopamine
28
First messenger:
Water-soluble hormone binds to receptor
29
Pituitary gland location
Fossa of the sella turcica of sphenoid bone
30
Anterior pituitary gland cell type:
Epithelial, therefore secretory
31
Posterior made of:
Neural tissue
Pituicytes (glia cells)
32
Top part of pituitary
Infundibulum
33
Posterior hormones:
ADH
OXT
34
Bottom part of anterior
Pars distalis
35
Top part of anterior, wraps around infundibulum
Pars tuberalis
36
Bottom part of posterior
Pars nervosa
37
Between posterior and anterior:
Pars intermedius
38
Pars intermedius function
Mainly inactive as adult
May produce MSH
39
Superior hypophyseal artery supplies:
Hypophyseal portal system
40
Inferior hypophyseal artery supplies:
Posterior
41
Second capillary network located
Anterior
42
RH and RIH secreted from
Hypothalamic neurons into median eminence, then to second capillary network
43
OXT synthesised in
PVN
44
ADH synthesised in
SON
45
ADH stimulus
Increased ECF osmolarity
46
ADH acts on
Kidneys
47
Diabetes insipidus
Insufficient ADH
48
Nephrogenic diabetes insipidus
Kidneys don’t respond to ADH
49
hGH produced by
Somatotrophs in anterior
50
hGH causes liver to produce
Somatomedins, which mediate hGHs effects
51
Somatomedins a.k.a
Insulin-like growth factors (IGFs)
52
Most growth effects result from:
IGF-1
53
Thyroid gland location
Below larynx, anterior and on each side of the trachea
54
Larynx
Voice box
55
Trachea
Windpipe
56
>90% of thyroid hormone in blood is
T4
57
Thyroid gland is filled with
Thyroglobulin (colloid)
58
Thyroglobulin secreted by
Cuboidal cells
59
Calcitonin secreted by
Parafollicular cells
60
Calcitonin hormone type
Peptide
61
Calcitonin stimulus
Increased ECF Ca2+ conc
62
TRH
Thyrotropin releasing hormone
63
TRH secreted by
Hypothalamic neurons
64
TRH travels to
Anterior
65
Infantile hypothyroidism treatment
T4 (thyroxine)
66
Graves’ disease
Autoimmune hypothyroidism
67
Adult hypothyroidism causes
Reduced metabolism
68
TSH
Thyrotropin
69
Parathyroid glands located
Posterior of lateral lobes of thyroid
70
How many parathyroid glands are there?
Usually 4, up to 8
71
PTH stimulus
Low Ca++ conc
72
Chief/principal cells in parathyroid produce:
PTH
73
PTH stimulates formation of _______ in the kidneys
Calcitriol (active vitamin D)
74
7-dehydrocholesterol in skin turns into
Cholecalciferol (vitamin D)
75
Cholecalciferol (vitamin D) turns into _______ in liver
25HCC
76
PTH binds to osteoblasts which release:
RANKL
77
25HCC turns into __________ by PTH in kidneys
1.25DHCC (calcitriol, active vitamin D)
78
Ricketts caused by
Lack of vitamin D
79
Osteomalacia caused by
Lack of vitamin D
80
Adrenal glands location
On top of kidneys
81
Corticosteroids:
Glucocorticoids
Mineralocorticoids
Sex hormones
82
Catecholamines
Hormones and neurotransmitters involved in fight or flight
83
Outer layer of adrenal cortex
Zona glomerulosa
84
Glucocorticoids regulate
Metabolism
Immune
Stress response
85
Middle layer of adrenal cortex
Zona fasciculata
86
Inner layer of adrenal cortex
Zona reticularis
87
Zona reticularis function
Secretes adrenal androgens (steroid hormones)
88
Zona glomerulosa function
Produces aldosterone
Increases Na+ reabsorption
Increases K+ excretion
89
Zona fasciculata function
Secretes glucocorticoids
90
Aldosterone stimulus
Angiotensin II
High K+
Low Na+
91
Adrenal medulla secretes
80% adrenaline
20% noradrenaline
92
Adrenaline and noradrenaline secreted by ______ cells
Chromaffin
93
CRH
Corticotrophic releasing hormone
94
CRH secreted by
Hypothalamic neurons
95
CRH causes anterior to secrete:
ACTH
96
ACTH
Adrenocorticotrophic hormone
97
ACTH hormone type
Peptide
98
Renin-angiotensin system regulates
BP and fluid balance
99
Cushing’s syndrome caused by
Excess of glucocorticoids
100
Cushing’s disease
Overproduction of ACTH
101
Adrenal neoplasia
Adrenal tumours
102
Benign
Adenoma
103
Malignant
Carcinoma
104
Addison’s disease
Not enough cortisol and aldosterone
105
99% of pancreatic cells part of
Exocrine glands
106
1% of pancreatic cells
Endocrine cells (like pancreatic islets)
107
Glucagon secreted by
Alpha cells
