Endocrine and Metabolic Disorders

Question 1

_____________ are organs that manufacture and secrete chemical substances.

Answer 1

Glands

Question 2

_________________ glands secrete chemicals to the outer surface of the body.

Answer 2

Exocrine

Question 3

__________ glands secrete chemical hormones into the bloodstream.

Answer 3

Endocrine

Question 4

The ________________ contains several control centers for body functions and emotions.

Answer 4

hypothalamus

Question 5

The terms “free T” refer to thyroid hormones that are in circulation but not _____________.

Answer 5

protein bound

Question 6

Parafollicular cells, which are less numerous than follicular cells, are responsible for secreting _________________ hormone, which controls calcium metabolism.

Answer 6

calcitonin

Question 7

When you check the patient’s vital signs, look for the combination of hypertension and bradycardia, which suggests increased _____________________.

Answer 7

intercranial pressure

Question 8

To obtain a positive ____________, place a blood pressure cuff around the arm, inflate it to 30 mmHg above systolic, and hold it in place for 3 minutes.

Answer 8

Trousseau’s Sign

Question 9

You can elicit a positive _______________ by tapping the facial nerve against the mandibular bone just anterior to the ear, which produces a spasm of the facial muscles.

Answer 9

Chovstek’s Sign

Question 10

In patients with hypocalcemia, the QT interval is ________________.

Answer 10

prolonged

Question 11

Graves’ Disease, also known _______________ is the most common form of hyperthyroidism.

Answer 11

diffuse toxic goiter

Question 12

______________ is an endocrine dysfunction characterized by absent or decreased secretion of thyroid hormones.

Answer 12

Hypothyroidism

Question 13

When hypothyroidism becomes chronic and extreme, it may evolve into a life-threatening condition called _______________.

Answer 13

myxedema coma

Question 14

Primary adrenal insufficiency, known as _________________, is a metabolic and endocrine ailment caused by a direct insult to, or malfunction of the adrenal cortex.

Answer 14

Addison’s Disease

Question 15

____________________ is responsible for keeping serum levels of sodium and potassium in balance.

Answer 15

Aldosterone

Question 16

_________________________________ is a condition in which the body’s need for glucocorticoids and mineralocorticoids exceeds the delivery of these hormones by the adrenal glands.

Answer 16

Acute Adrenal Insufficiency

Question 17

When adrenal insufficiency is accompanied by hypotension, the condition is called ____________ and constitutes a true life-threatening emergency.

Answer 17

adrenal crisis

Question 18

Hyperadrenalism, or ____________, os the clinical condition caused by long-standing exposure to excessive circulating serum levels of glucocorticoids, particularly cortisol.

Answer 18

Cushing’s Disease

Question 19

____________ diabetes is characterized by being unable to produce any insulin due to pancreatic B-cell destruction.

Answer 19

Type 1

Question 20

_____ diabetes is characterized by progressive cellular insulin resistance and a gradual failure of pancreatic B-cell insulin production.

Answer 20

Type 2

Question 21

Th classical clinical manifestations of diabetes is referred to as the 3 P’s:

Answer 21

polydipsia

ployuria

polyphagia

Question 22

Hypoglycemia in patients who have no history of diabetes is called fasting or ____________ hypoglycemia.

Answer 22

postprandial

Question 23

___________ is an acute endocrine emergency in which insulin deficiency and an excessive glucagon level combine to create a hyperglycemic, acidotic, volume depleted state.

Answer 23

Diabetic Ketoacidosis

Question 24

Hyperglycemia pulls fluid into the extracellular space, triggering ____________, which in turn causes hypotension and volume deficit.

Answer 24

osmotic diuresis

Question 25

The body requires delicate balance, or _____________ to function optimally.

Answer 25

homeostasis

Question 26

A pH below 7.35 constitutes ___________.

Answer 26

acidosis

Question 27

A pH level above 7.45 constitutes _________.

Answer 27

alkalosis

Question 28

_________________ is one of the most common acid base problems encountered in the prehospital setting.

Answer 28

Respiratory Acidosis

Question 29

____________ is caused by deficiency of bicarbonate ion and an excess of hydrogen ion.

Answer 29

Metabolic acidosis

Question 30

An anion gap of _______ is considered normal.

Answer 30

12-15

Question 31

_____________ is the most important electrolyte in maintaining water balance in the body.

Answer 31

Sodium

Question 32

_____________ is defined as a serum sodium concentration below 135 meg/L

Answer 32

hyponatremia

Question 33

Athletic events such as marathons and triathlons can precipitate __________________ hyponatremia.

Answer 33

exercise induced

Question 34

Signs of ____________ apparent on a 12-Lead ECG include flattened t-waves, U waves, and ST segment depression

Answer 34

hypokalemia

Question 35

Overly rapid infusion of IV ______________ can result in cardiac arrest.

Answer 35

potassium

Question 36

________________ is the second most abundant intracellular bivalent cation in the humanbody.

Answer 36

MAgnesium

Question 37

______________ is a breakdown of muscle tissue that causes myoglobin to be released into the bloodstream, causing kidney damage.

Answer 37

Rhabdomyalysis

Question 38

The ___________________ system regulates the metabolic processes of the body

Answer 38

endocrine

Question 39

The _________________ is often referred to as the "master gland" because its secretions orchestrate the activity of other endocrine glands

Answer 39

pituitary glad

Question 40

The _________________. which is locate directly on top of the pituitary gland, is part of the brain responsible for monitoring body conditions and maintaining homeostasis.

Answer 40

hypothalamus

Question 41

____________________- liberates calcium from bone to increase calcium levels.

Answer 41

Parathyroid Hormone

Question 42

______________ is a vital fuel for key metabolic processes in organs, especially those controlled by the CNS.

Answer 42

glucose

Question 43

A patient who is experiencing an endocrine emergency will often be in __________________.

Answer 43

serious distress

Question 44

____________________ is a rare condition characterized by low serum levels of PTH or resistance to its actions.

Answer 44

Hypoparathyroidim

Question 45

Hyperactivity of the thyroid gland, or ___________________ is a common ailment that results in a hyper metabolic state called thyrotoxicosis.

Answer 45

hyperthyroidism

Question 46

_________________, a frequent complication of diabetes, is the most common endocrine emergency.

Answer 46

Hypoglycemia

Question 47

________________ is more common in patients with type 2 diabetes and is triggered by the same stressors that cause DKA.

Answer 47

HHNK

Question 48

The ______________ is the slowest mechanism to react to pH changes, taking hours to days to achieve its buffering effect, but it is the longest lasting.

Answer 48

renal system

Question 49

_____________ are the chemicals that combine with an acid or base to resist changes in pH.

Answer 49

buffers

Question 50

A healthy _______________ balance is fundamental to carrying out cellular functions.

Answer 50

electrolyte

Question 51

______________________ occurs when an excessive amount of water is retained relative to the amount of sodium.

Answer 51

hypervolemic hyponatremia

Question 52

_____________ is caused by the loss of water and sodium, with a higher degree of sodium loss relative to the amount of water loss.

Answer 52

hypovolemic hyponatremia

Question 53

A common complaint of IV __________________ is burning at the IV site.

Answer 53

potassium

Question 54

__________________ is one of the most common electrolyte disturbances you will see in clinical practice.

Answer 54

Hypomagnesmia

Question 55

________________, one of the main proteins found in skeletal muscle cells, travels to the kidneys and causes injury and even renal failure.

Answer 55

Myoglobin

Question 56

Insulin, which is secreted by the pancreatic _________ cells, is essential for efficient cellular glucose.

Answer 56

islet

Question 57

Patients with __________ syndrome have a distinct appearance characterized by obesity, a moon face and other cardinal features.

Answer 57

Cushing's

Question 58

The respiratory system reaches its maximum compensatory response in ___________ hours.

Answer 58

12 - 24

Question 59

________________ is characterized by a decline in pH as a result of CO2 retention.

Answer 59

Respiratory acidosis

Question 60

Once the body begins to retain bicarbonate, it has made the transition to ____________ status.

Answer 60

chronic