Toxicology, Hazardous Material, and WMD

Question 1

________________ has surpassed MVC’s as the leading cause of unintentional injury death in the US.

Answer 1

poisoning

Question 2

The syndrome-like symptoms of a class or group of similar poisoning agents are termed _____________.

Answer 2

toxidromes

Question 3

______________ will attempt to dispose of a toxin by quickly swallowing the substance to avoid the discovery of the substance by law enforcement.

Answer 3

Stuffers

Question 4

______________ refers to the presence of a poison or toxin in the body, with no specific implication of altered consciousness, but it is often used to describe patients who have an impaired or depressed mental state.

Answer 4

intoxication

Question 5

_____________ is the active compound in khat leaves, which are commonly chewed up by people in Eastern Africa for their stimulant effects.

Answer 5

Cathinone

Question 6

_______ are people who smuggle large amounts of drugs by ingesting them, require admission to the ICU when they are identified.

Answer 6

Packers

Question 7

_______________ is the most predictive of significant morbidity and mortality in patients with amphetamine overdose.

Answer 7

hyperthermia

Question 8

In the US, ___________ is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality from poisoning.

Answer 8

carbon monoxide

Question 9

Compounds such as nitrites and nitrates, which can oxidize the iron in hemoglobin, cause the condition known as ____________.

Answer 9

methemoglobinemia

Question 10

________________ were first developed as nerve agents in Germany prior to WW2, so they were designed as agents of chemical warfare first and adapted for agricultural use as pesticides only later.

Answer 10

Organophosphates

Question 11

Organophosphates and carbamates overstimulate the parasympathetic and sympathetic nervous system by interfering with degradation of the neurotransmitter ________________.

Answer 11

acetylcholine

Question 12

_________________ provides guidelines for the development of an compliance with safety protocols and procedures for governmental and nongovernmental personnel who make store, dispose of, or first responders to cleanup of hazardous materials.

Answer 12

HAZWOPER

Question 13

A _________ is a diamond-shaped sign affixed to a transport vehicle.

Answer 13

placard

Question 14

The _________ publishes the North American Emergency Response Guidebook

Answer 14

DOT

Question 15

The ______ zone is where the hazardous material is located and contamination has occurred.

Answer 15

Hot

Question 16

The _______ zone is usually the area surrounding the contaminated hot zone.

Answer 16

warm

Question 17

The _______ zone is the support zone for general triage, stabilization, and management of illness or injuries.

Answer 17

cold

Question 18

The final safety component in managing hazardous material incidents is the ________________ process.

Answer 18

Decontamination

Question 19

The oral or dermal exposure dose that kills 50% of the exposed animal population in two weeks time.

Answer 19

LD50

Question 20

The air concentration of a substance that kills 50% of the exposed animal population.

Answer 20

LC50

Question 21

The _____________ must be notified of all suspected terrorist attacks.

Answer 21

Department of Homeland Security

Question 22

__________________ is the bacterial agent that causes botulism.

Answer 22

Clostridium botulinum

Question 23

________ is the bacterium that causes plague

Answer 23

Yersinia Pestsis

Question 24

___________ occurs when a person is bitten by a flea or infected by a rodent.

Answer 24

Bubonic Plague

Question 25

_________ is a cytotoxic protein derived from the bean of the castor plant.

Answer 25

Ricin

Question 26

____________ radiation refers to radiation whose energy is sufficient to strip electrons from atoms or molecules.

Answer 26

Ionizing

Question 27

Absorbed ionizing radiation is expressed in units called _________.

Answer 27

rads

Question 28

________ particles generally do not pass through the skin.

Answer 28

Alpha

Question 29

________ particles (electrons) are smaller and faster than alpha particles and thus can travel farther, penetrating tissue to a depth of about 8 cm.

Answer 29

Beta

Question 30

___________ are photons emitted from the nucleus of the atom.

Answer 30

gamma rays

Question 31

A ___________ easily penetrates surfaces and can cause significant damage to body systems.

Answer 31

Neutrons

Question 32

Cyanide toxicity requires administration of a cyanide antidote like __________________.

Answer 32

hydroxocobalamin

Question 33

_________, a state of unconsciousness or deep sedation from which the patient cannot be aroused by any external stimulus.

Answer 33

Coma

Question 34

_______________ is associated with worsening metabolic acidosis, rhabdomyalysis and occasionally respiratory compromise and death.

Answer 34

Physical restraint

Question 35

A variety of plant and drug toxicities and chemical exposures can cause ________________.

Answer 35

bradycardia

Question 36

Inhaled halogenated hydrocarbons enhance myocardial sensitivity to ___________________ and can provoke sudden sniffing death syndrome.

Answer 36

catecholamines

Question 37

Norepinephrine and phenylephrine are the agents of choice for the treatment of toxin-induced _____________.

Answer 37

hypotension

Question 38

An increase in the depth of breathing is called _____________.

Answer 38

hyperpnea

Question 39

___________________ a Vitamin B12 precursor, was approved for the treatment of cyanide toxicity.

Answer 39

Hydroxocobalamin

Question 40

_________________-related liver injury is the leading cause of acute liver failure in the US.

Answer 40

Acetaminophen

Question 41

_____________ are frequently prescribed for the treatment of hypertension, CAD, and CHF.

Answer 41

Beta-Blockers

Question 42

___________ is an agent used to treat bipolar disorder, also known as manic depressive illness.

Answer 42

Lithium

Question 43

_______________ was used extensively to treat seizure disorders before the advent of newer anti-convulsants.

Answer 43

Phenobarbitol

Question 44

Withdrawal from long-acting _________ is uncommon because of their long half-life.

Answer 44

barbituates

Question 45

A _____________ is a bolus of heroin and cocaine injected IV.

Answer 45

speedball

Question 46

The lethal dose of cocaine in the average adult is ______ mg.

Answer 46

1200

Question 47

Because of the wide availability and classification as a food, _______________ causes more toxicologic emergencies than any other kind of alcohol.

Answer 47

ethanol

Question 48

______________ a cofactor needed to process ethanol, may be indicated after heavy alcohol use.

Answer 48

Thiamine

Question 49

The most common hallucinogen is ______ which was originally developed as a general anesthetic and later used as a veterinary tranquilizer.

Answer 49

PCP

Question 50

___________ one of the toxic alcohols, is found in automotive antifreeze, windshield washer fluid, and de-icers.

Answer 50

Ethylene Glycol

Question 51

Isopropanol is quickly absorbed in the stomach and metabolized into ______________.

Answer 51

acetone

Question 52

In high concentrations, ______________ is considered a knockdown agent, meaning it causes rapid toxicity and loss of consciousness.

Answer 52

carbon monoxide

Question 53

Patients who are habitual cigarette smokers can have CO levels as high as _____%.

Answer 53

10

Question 54

Acids tend to produce necrosis by denaturing proteins, forming an eschar that limits penetration of the acid, called __________________.

Answer 54

coagulation necrosis

Question 55

Bases tend to produce _____________ necrosis.

Answer 55

liquefaction

Question 56

A hallmark of caustic exposure to the skin is called ________________.

Answer 56

saponification

Question 57

The antidote to nitrate and nitrite poisoning is ________________.

Answer 57

methylene blue

Question 58

______________________ is the enzyme that breaks down acetylcholine into acetate and choline after impulse conduction

Answer 58

Acetylcholinesterase

Question 59

Jellyfish, fire coral, and sea anemone inject toxin with stinging cells called ___________.

Answer 59

nematocysts

Question 60

In the US, nearly all snake envenomations can be attributed to the ______________ family of snakes; the pit viper

Answer 60

Crotalidae

Question 61

All venom from spinous creatures is _______________, which means that it is neutralized by heat.

Answer 61

heat labile

Question 62

______________ is a cardiac glycoside heart medication derived from the fox glove plant.

Answer 62

Digitalis

Question 63

An acute mental disorder characterized by confusion, disorientation, restlessness, cording of consciousness, incoherence, fear, anxiety, excitement, and often illusions.

Answer 63

Delirium

Question 64

_______________ is a yellow-green gas that has a slight odor some describe as smelling like a combination of pepper and pineapple.

Answer 64

Chlorine

Question 65

_______________ appears in gaseous form as a gray-white cloud with the vague odor of freshly baled hay.

Answer 65

Phosgene

Question 66

______________ is a colorless gas commonly found in agricultural settings where it is used as fertilizer.

Answer 66

Anhydrous ammonia

Question 67

The most toxic agents in chemical warfare are _______________.

Answer 67

nerve agents

Question 68

On jellyfish stings, do not use fresh water, because the difference in ________________ causes embedded nematocysts to fire.

Answer 68

osmolarity

Question 69

The venom of a brown recluse is a pernicious cocktail of at least ______ peptides that possess a variety of cytotoxic properties.

Answer 69

11

Question 70

The antidotes for organophosphate poisoning are atropine and _____________________.

Answer 70

pralidoxime

Question 71

Elemental forms of lithium, potassium, sodium, and magnesium react with water to form ____________.

Answer 71

alkalis

Question 72

_______________ is a colorless, odorless gas produced by incomplete combustion of organic fuels.

Answer 72

Carbon Monoxide

Question 73

Methanol initially causes inebriation, but to a lesser degree than the other alcohols due to its smaller ________________ .

Answer 73

molecular weight

Question 74

Either ethanol or __________________ can be administered as an antidote for ethylene glycol.

Answer 74

Fomepizole

Question 75

________________ should be avoided if possible in patients with cocaine intoxication because its cardiovascular effects are similar to those of cocaine,

Answer 75

Epinephrine

Question 76

_______________ is derived from the coca plant, which is native to South America.

Answer 76

Cocaine

Question 77

CNS depression, pinpoint pupils, and respiratory depression - the so called ____________ triad - are classic signs

Answer 77

opiod

Question 78

__________________ have a narrow therapeutic index and are responsible for the highest risk or morbidity and mortality of all sedative-hypnotic agents.

Answer 78

BArbituates

Question 79

_______________ abuse results in sympathomimetic toxicity.

Answer 79

Amphetamine

Question 80

_____________________ have historically been a leading cause of toxicologic emergencies, especially intentional overdoses.

Answer 80

Cyclic Antidepressants

Question 81

__________________ is often referred to as the antidote for beta-adrenergic antagonist toxicity.

Answer 81

Glucagon

Question 82

Although acetaminophen is safe at therapeutic levels, overdose ingestions carry significant risk. The primary threat is ________________.

Answer 82

hepatotoxicity

Question 83

_________________ allows reduction of ferric iron and consequent restoration of tissue-delivery capability.

Answer 83

Methylene Blue

Question 84

One vital sign often overlooked or inaccurately recorded is ________________.

Answer 84

respiratory rate

Question 85

Although often overlooked, particularly in the prehospital setting, obtaining an accurate _______________________ is crucial in managing toxicologic emergencies.

Answer 85

body temperature

Question 86

_______________ is a dissociative anesthetic that quickly and safely calls agitated patients, especially those experiencing agitated delirium.

Answer 86

Ketamine

Question 87

_____________ is a u-opiod receptor antagonist that reverses the effects of opioids.

Answer 87

Naloxone