Endocrine Pt.2

Question 1

small, round masses of tissue
attached to the posterior surface of the lateral lobes of
the thyroid gland

Answer 1

Parathyroid glands

Question 2

usually____ parathyroid glands attached to each lobe of the thyroid, one superior and one inferior

Answer 2

two

Question 3

made by the more
numerous chief (principal) cells of the gland..Stimulates
• osteoclastic activity in the bones
• Ca2+ reabsorption in the
kidneys
• (Indirectly) Ca2+ absorption
from the GI tract

Answer 3

Parathyroid hormone (PTH)

Question 4

is made by the parafollicular (C-cells) of the thyroid gland and
when secreted____ the blood calcium level

Answer 4

Calcitonin (Thyrocalcitonin), lowers

Question 5

An increase in blood calcium will stimulate the C-cells
of the thyroid to

Answer 5

secrete calcitonin

Question 6

Steroid hormones like cortisol

Answer 6

the adrenal cortex

Question 7

Catecholamines like norepinephrine

Answer 7

the adrenal medulla

Question 8

The adrenal cortex is peripherally located.
The cortex has____ zones, each of which secretes a different group of____ hormones

Answer 8

three. steroid

Question 9

Most superficial, mineralocorticoids

Answer 9

Zona glomerulosa

Question 10

Middle, glucocorticoids,
primarily cortisol

Answer 10

Zona fasciculata

Question 11

Deepest,
weak androgens
(masculinizing hormones)

Answer 11

Zona reticularis

Question 12

regulate the concentrations of Na+ and K+ in the blood (affects blood volume/pressure)

Answer 12

Mineralocorticoids

Question 13

is the major hormone in this group (Zona glomerulosa)

Answer 13

Aldosterone

Question 14

influence glucose metabolism and the ability to resists the effects of stress

Answer 14

Glucocorticoids

Question 15

is the major hormone in this group (Zona fasciculata)

Answer 15

Cortisol

Question 16

Weak ____ (masculinizing sex hormones) have little effect in men, but play an important role in
promoting libido in women

Answer 16

androgens

Question 17

important part of the renin-angiotensin-
aldosterone system (RAAS)

Answer 17

Aldosterone

Question 18

Low BP (or blood volume)stimulates juxtaglomerular cells in the kidney to secrete the enzyme

Answer 18

renin

Question 19

• Renin converts angiotensinogen (in the blood) into
angiotensin I
• Angiotensin I is converted to angiotensin II in the lungs
by angiotensin converting enzyme

Answer 19

(ACE)

Question 20

stimulates the adrenal cortex to secrete aldosterone (salt and H20 resorption indirectly increases BP), and it is a
potent vasoconstrictor (which directly increases BP) and it is a
potent vasoconstrictor (which directly increases BP)

Answer 20

Angiotensin II

Question 21

Glucocorticoids (mainly cortisol) regulate metabolism
promoting breakdown of proteins and fats to____

Answer 21

form glucose (gluconeogenesis)

Question 22

(Reduce/Increase) inflammatory effects by inhibiting white blood cells.
glucocorticoids are very useful in the treatment of
chronic inflammatory disorders such as Lupus,
though long term side-effects are severe

Answer 22

Reduce

Question 23

a modified sympathetic ganglion of the ANS
and is innervated by sympathetic preganglionic neurons

Answer 23

adrenal
medulla,

Question 24

The catecholamines_____ (80%), and____4_ (20%),

Answer 24

epinephrine, norepinephrine

Question 25

Response to emotional or physical threats, whether actual or imagined Can include events normally considered to be “good”, as well as bad for instance, a marriage can be as stressful as a divorce, a birth as stressful as a death, etc.

Answer 25

General adaptation syndrome (GAS) or stress response

Question 26

If stress is extreme, unusual, or long lasting, the normal mechanisms may not be enough, and they may elicit a series of changes called the

Answer 26

stress response or GAS

Question 27

Three stages to a prolonged stress response

Answer 27

alarm reaction, resistance reaction, and exhaustion

Question 28

short-lived fight-or-flight response initiated by the hypothalamus and mediated by the sympathetic division of the ANS it brings huge amounts of glucose and oxygen to the brain, the lungs, and skeletal muscles the RAAS is also activated to maintain blood volume and BP

Answer 28

Alarm reaction:

Question 29

initiated in by hypothalamic releasing hormones, longer-lasting response. release of high levels of cortisol and thyroid hormones assures that the body can sustain necessary metabolic needs

Answer 29

Resistance reaction

Question 30

occurs when the body’s reserves become so depleted that they cannot sustain the resistance stage. Prolonged exposure to high levels of cortisol and other hormones causes wasting of muscle, suppression of the immune system, ulceration of the GI tract, and failure of pancreatic beta cells… disease often ensues

Answer 30

Exhaustion

Question 31

Is the pancreas an endocrine or exocrine gland

Answer 31

Both

Question 32

acini

Answer 32

exocrine cells

Question 33

pancreatic islets

Answer 33

Endocrine

Question 34

Each pancreatic islet contains four types of hormone- secreting cells:

Answer 34

alpha (A), beta (B), delta (D), and F cells

Question 35

Alpha cells secrete

Answer 35

Glucagon

Question 36

Beta cells secrete

Answer 36

Insulin

Question 37

increases blood glucose levels by acting on hepatocytes to convert glycogen and other nutrients to glucose

Answer 37

Glucagon

Question 38

decreases blood glucose hepatocytes convert glucose to glycogen. facilitating diffusion of glucose into the cells for usage

Answer 38

Insulin

Question 39

Insulin and glucagon are _____hormones in that their actions act to balance one another in terms of blood glucose

Answer 39

counter- regulatory

Question 40

paracrine hormone inhibiting both insulin and glucagon. also inhibits the secretion of hGH • The interactions of somatostatin and pancreatic polypeptides are complex and not well understood

Answer 40

Somatostatin

Question 41

(enlargement of the breasts and widening of the hips) at puberty onward

Answer 41

female secondary sex characteristics

Question 42

prepares the uterine lining for implantation of a fertilized ovum

Answer 42

Progesterone