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A&P 2 > exam 2 pt. 2 > Flashcards

exam 2 pt. 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

Blood is “____ quarts” (≈ 5 liters) of a specialized, fluid, CT
 cells/formed elements (45%)

A

5.

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2
Q

salt-water-and-protein solution called

A

blood plasma (55%)

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3
Q

what is more dense? water or blood?

A

blood

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4
Q

blood is slightly warmer than core
body temperature

A

(T = 38o C)

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5
Q

blood ph

A

slightly alkaline (7.35-7.45)

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6
Q

is 92% water, with dissolved solutes consisting
mostly of various proteins, electrolytes, and gasses

A

plasma

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7
Q

The major plasma proteins are

A

Albumin, Globulins, Fibrinogen (clotting protein)

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8
Q

osmotic pressure, viscosity, carrier for some
hydrophobic molecules, synthesized in live

A

albumin

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9
Q

carrier for some hydrophobic molecules, contribute to immunity

A

globulins

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10
Q

: important in hemostasis

A

Fibrinogen (clotting protein)

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11
Q

formation of formed elements in red bone marrow

A

hemopoiesis (hematopoiesis)

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12
Q

cells and cell fragments suspended in the plasma.

A

formed elements

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13
Q

the classes of formed elements

A

erythrocytes (rbc), leukocytes (white blood cells), and the thrombocytes (platelets)

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14
Q

 vast bulk of the formed elements 4–6 x 106/mm3 by number

A

rbc

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15
Q

 HIGHLY Specialized for O2 transport

A

rbc

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16
Q

 Only survive ~120 days, recycled in
spleen and liver

A

rbc

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17
Q

rbc’s are shaped as bi-concave discs for

A

rapid gas diffusion

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18
Q

No nucleus, mitochondria or any protein making machinery

A

rbc

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19
Q

which formed element is filled with hemoglobin

A

rbc

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20
Q

is a protein molecule adapted to carry O2 (and CO2 as well)

A

hemoglobin (hgb)

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21
Q

hemoglobin binds oxygen best at high or low pH

A

high pH

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22
Q

High concentrations of CO2 lead to

A

low pH

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23
Q

low CO2 =

A

high pH

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24
Q

production of RBC’s

A

Erythropoiesis

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25
hypoxia (O2 deficiency) stimulates the kidneys to release the hormone ____
erythropoietin (EPO)
26
speeds up the maturation and release of immature red cells
erythropoietin
27
between 5-10 x 10^3/mm^3
WBC's
28
have nuclei and a full complement of other organelles
wbc
29
granulocytes
neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils
30
agranulocytes
monocytes and lymphocytes
31
most numerous WBC in normal blood (60- 70% of circulating white cells) phagocytize bacteria
neutrophils
32
respond to multicellular parasites, allergens
eosinophils
33
inflamatory response
basophils
34
major group of phagocytic cells. Common in peripheral tissues
monocytes
35
respond to very specific foreign antigens
lymphocytes
36
Shifts in the normal percentages of circulating WBCs will often point towards a bacterial infection (elevated percentage of _____) or a viral infection (elevated percentage of_____)
. neutrophils. lymphocytes
37
In this peripheral blood smear a patient with lymphocytic ______ has a WBC >150,000 and 90% of the WBCs are cancerous lymphocytes!
leukemia
38
phagocytic cells. destroy bacteria
neutrophils
39
Phagocytize antigen-antibody complexes. Also destroy some types of parasitic worms.
eosinophils
40
Release histamine and other chemical defenses. Play a role in allergic reactions. When xxxxx leave the bloodstream and enter the tissues, they are called mast cells.
basophils
41
Several subtypes exist. Two subtypes, B cells and T cells, make antibodies as part of the specific immune response. Other subtypes kill a wide variety of microbes. Others are helped cells, aiding in antibody production
lymphocytes
42
Leave the bloodstream and enter the tissues, where they are called macrophages. Primarily act as phagocytic cells.
monocytes
43
huge cells that splinter into 2000 to 3000 fragments while still in the red bone marrow
megakaryocytes
44
Each fragment of megakaryocytes is a
platelet/thrombocyte
45
more numerous than WBCs (150-400 x 103/mm3 )
platelets
46
short life span (5 to 9 days)
platelets
47
Involved in Hemostasis (stopping blood flow)
platelets
48
is a sequence of responses that stops bleeding * must be quick, * localized to the region of damage
hemostasis
49
Three mechanisms reduce blood loss
1. Vascular spasm 2. Platelet plug 3. Fibrin clot
50
occurs as damaged blood vessels constrict
vascular spasm
51
Platelets adhere to damaged endothelium to form a
platelet plug
52
Clotting proteins normally dissolved in the blood get activated. One activated clotting protein triggers the next step in the process, which triggers the next, and so on till fibrinogen becomes insoluble fibrin
fibrin clot
53
there are 2 pathways to activate the system
Extrinsic: rapid Intrinsic: slow
54
consolidation of the fibrin clot. decreases the risk of further damage
clot retraction
55
dissolves small, inappropriate clots; and clots at a site of damage once the damage is repaired
fibrinolytic system
56
Intravascular Clotting
Thrombosis and Embolus
57
forming a thrombus, a clot in an unbroken blood vessel
thrombosis
58
blood clot, air bubble, piece of fat or other debris transported by the bloodstream
embolus
59
Red cells (and all cells in the body) have proteins on their surface which act as antigens or
surface markers
60
The immune system produces specific____ that bind to and attack nonself antigens
antibodies
61
the _____ on RBC are significant
A and B antigens
62
Blood Plasma contains anti-AB antibodies of a type opposite to the ABO antigen on the red cell surface * For instance, those with A antigens on their red cells have anti-B antibodies in their serum
just read
63
Blood plasma does/ does not normally contain anti-Rh antibodies;
does not
64
Rh antigen=
Rh+
65
lack the Rh antigen=
Rh-
66
Rh- individuals will start producing
anti-Rh antibody After they have been exposed to Rh antigen
67
Biggest problem with Rh incompatibility involves
pregnancy
68
An Rh___ fetus can sensitizes an Rh___ mother during birth, anti-Rh antibodies will form in the blood of that woman.
+. -.
69
During her next pregnancy those antibodies can
cross the placenta to affect the next Rh+ baby
70
a blood disorder that occurs when the blood types of a mother and baby are incompatible
Hemolytic disease of the newborn (HDN)
71
capillary vessel have 1 basic layer called the ____. and its name is ______
tunic. tunica interna (intima)
72
epithelial tissue and basement membrane
tunica interna (intima)
73
only sites in the entire vasculature where gases, water and other nutrients are exchanged
capillaries
74
* Branch from arteriole to venule * Precapillary sphincter controls flow to capillary bed
Metarteriole
75
segments of smooth muscle that help direct bloodflow into capillaries
Precapillary sphincters
76
Three types of capillaries
Continuous capillaries, Fenestrated capillaries, and Sinusoids
77
* most common capillary * continuous tube with * small intercellular clefts
Continuous capillaries
78
* kidneys, villi of small intestines, and endocrine glands * Pores through endothelial cells
Fenestrated capillaries
79
liver, spleen * Large pores through which blood can percolate
sinusoids
80
hydrostatic and osmotic forces at the capillaries
starling forces
81
Fluid Exchange - Starling Forces determine
* Filtration: movement of fluid through the walls of the capillary into the interstitial fluid. * Reabsorption: movement of fluid from the interstitial fluid back into the capillary.
82
IS all of fluid filtered is reabsorbed.
not but most, like 85%

A&P 2 (27 decks)

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