exam 2 Flashcards
1
Q
Oxygenated Blood top
A
veins, LA, LV, aorta, ateries
2
Q
Deoxygenated Blood Bottom
A
vena cava, veins, RA, RV, arteries
3
Q
Layers of the heart
A
pericardium (fibrous, parietal, [fluid layer], visceral), myocardium (muscular), endocardium
4
Q
Chambers
A
two atrias, two ventricles
5
Q
Valves
A
into and out of ventricles
6
Q
Two atrioventricular valves
A
tricuspid and bicuspid (mitral)
7
Q
Two semilunar valves:
A
pulmonary and aortic
8
Q
heart location
A
in the middle mediastinum
9
Q
: protects the heart and anchors it
A
the pericardium
10
Q
is a very dense and non-flexible connective tissue
A
fibrous pericardium
11
Q
the serous pericardium contains
A
the parietal and visceral layers
12
Q
attached to fibrous layer
A
parietal layer
13
Q
outer surface of the heart wall.
A
(epicardium) visceral layer
14
Q
lubricates the space between the visceral and parietal pericardium.
A
pericardial fluid
15
Q
the endocardium contains
A
endothelium (simple squamous epithelial tissue)
16
Q
right atrium and right ventricle, deoxygenated blood from the body to the lungs for oxygenation
A
right heart
17
Q
eft atrium and left ventricle, oxygenated pulmonary blood from the lungs to the body
(systemically)
A
left heart
18
Q
which heart is stronger
A
left heart
19
Q
“top part of the heart” has a weak or strong pump
A
weak
20
Q
the main pump for the pulmonary and systemic circuits.
A
“bottom part of the heart”: right and left ventricles
21
Q
blood flow goes from
A
high to low pressure
22
Q
what controls blood flow
A
the valves of the heart
23
Q
- allow blood to flow from atria into ventricles.
- prevent blood flowing from ventricles to atria
A
atrioventricular valves
24
Q
- allow blood to flow from ventricles into arteries.
- prevent blood flowing from arteries to ventricles
A
Outflow (semilunar) valves
25
right side of heart contains what AV valve
tricuspid
26
left side of heart contains what AV valve
bicuspid valve or mitral valve
27
are strong, fibrous connections between the valve leaflets and the papillary muscles
chordae tendinae
28
attach to the cusps of the atrioventricular valves via the chordae tendineae and contract to prevent inversion or prolapse of these valves on systole (or ventricular contraction).
papillary muscles
29
Cardiac Muscle Tissue
striated, one nucleus, fibers are shorter and branched, and connect/communicate via gap junctions in intercalated discs
30
Contractions of the heart (heartbeats) are controlled by specialized cardiac muscle cells called pacemaker cells that directly control heart rate.
autorhythmicity
31
_____% of all of the muscle cells of the heart form cardiac conduction system.
1
32
spontaneously depolarize a certain amount of time after repolarizing
myocytes
33
the pacemaker of the heart
the SA node (sinoatrial)
34
the SA node location
right atrial wall below superior vena cava
35
cardiac conduction order
SA node, AV node, AV bundles (bundle of HIS), right and left bundle branches (located on interventricular septum), Purkinje fibers, regular myocardium in ventricles
36
_____ period in cardiac muscle is longer than the contraction
refractory
37
atrial depolarization on ECG
P
38
atrial repolarization+ ventricular depolarization on ECG
QRS
39
ventricular repolarization on ECG
T
40
relaxation phase
diastole
41
contraction phase
systole
42
: atria contract, the ventricles relax.
atrial systole
43
: ventricles contract, atria relax.
Ventricular systole
44
Changing blood flow causes the valves
to ______
open and shut (shutting produces the heart sounds)
45
volume of blood ejected from the left (or right) ventricle every beat.
Stroke volume (SV):
46
SV x heart rate (HR)
Cardiac output (CO):
47
difference between the CO at rest and the
maximum CO the heart can generate
cardiac reserve
48
Average cardiac reserve is _____ times resting value.
4-5
49
Carry and control the flow of blood.
vessel function
50
carry blood away from the heart
arteries
51
site of nutrient, waste, gas exchange
capillaries
52
carry blood towards the heart
veins
53
force exerted in lumen
drops as blood moves through the blood vessels
usually measured in the larger conducting arteries
Pulses due to heart contractions
pressure
54
is the higher pressure caused by ventricular systole
systolic BP
55
is the lower pressure from the blood itself
Diastolic BP
56
1/3 (systolic BP – diastolic BP) + diastolic BP
Mean arterial pressure (MAP)
57
is the amount of blood per time reaching organs
(tissues of the body).
blood flow
58
is the sum of many factors which oppose the flow of blood
resistance (vessels)
59
blood flow, blood pressure, and peripheral resistance are related by
Ohms Law
60
equation for BP
BP= Flow x Resistance
61
Resistance depends on
Blood viscosity (x)
Blood vessel length (x)
Blood vessel diameter (1/d4)
Only blood vessel diameter is
readily adjustable
62
Types of blood vessels
arteries, veins, capillaries
63
Large elastic arteries (>1 cm)
medium muscular arteries (0.1 – 10 mm)
arterioles (< 0.1 mm)
arteries
64
Venules are small veins (< 0.1 mm)
Vessel Structure
veins
65
3 layers which comprise the vessel wall
tunics
66
epithelial tissue and basement membrane
Tunica interna (intima)
67
Smooth muscle and elastic tissue
tunica media
68
Elastic and Fibrous connective tissue
tunica externa
69
the 3 tunicas (are/are not) present in capillaries
not
70
* High levels of elastic tissue
* Large and close to heart
* Thin walls compared to lumen diameter
* Store energy of ventricular systole to keep blood moving in diastole
elastic arteries
71
* High levels of smooth muscle tissue
* Maintain blood pressure for more distal areas
muscular arteries
72
elastic aorta and arteries (stretch/recoil) during ventricular contraction
stretch
73
elastic aorta and arteries (stretch/recoil) during ventricular relaxation
recoil
74
vessels supplying blood to the same area.
* Provides collateral circulation (an alternative
route) for blood to reach a tissue.
Anastomosis:
75
* Control blood flow to capillaries
* primary "adjustable nozzles”
* greatest drop in pressure occurs
arterioles
76
thinner walls
less muscle and elastic tissue
veins
77
veins operate at much (higher/lower) pressures.
* in venules (16 mmHg) is less
than half in arterioles (35 mmHg)
* just 1-2 mmHg in some larger veins.
Valves to keep blood flowing in (many/only 1 direction.)
lower, only 1 direction
78
Contain a large percentage of the blood volume (about 64% at rest)
venous reserve
79
they function as blood reservoirs
venous reserve
80
constricting the veins allows a greater volume of
blood to flow to skeletal muscles.
Venoconstriction
81
Venous return: aided by
* Pressure
* Venous valves
* Skeletal muscle pump
* Respiratory pump (breathing)
82
Autoregulation is controlled through
______ loops and the ANS
negative feedback
83
baroreceptors in arch of aorta and carotid sinus
receptors
84
vessels (vasodilate or vasoconstrict)
Heart (increase or decrease CO)
effectors
85
Another type of sensory receptor important to the process of autoregulation of BP are the
chemoreceptors
86
chemoreceptors are in
carotid bodies (located close to baroreceptors of carotid sinus, and aortic bodies (located in the aortic arch)
87
Chemoreceptors repsond to
Hypoxia (low O2), hypercapnia (high CO2), or
acidosis (high H+)
88
Systemic blood vessel walls (constrict/dilate) to increase blood flow
dilate
89
Pulmonary blood vessels (constrict/dilate)
constrict
90
the RAAS system eventually leads to
the retaining of water increasing blood pressure+volume
91
Atrial Natriuretic Peptide (ANP)
* released by cells of the cardiac atria.
* leads to loss of water to lower blood pressure
92
what provides collateral circulation (an alternative
route) for blood to reach a tissue.
anastosmosis
