metabolism

Question 1

Metabolic reactions: consumed nutrients ->______ -> body’s growth, repair, and normal functioning

Answer 1

chemical
energy and raw materials

Question 2

sum of all body chemical reactions

Answer 2

metabolism

Question 3

Exergonic

Answer 3

provide more energy than they consume (Catabolism)
Provides energy and raw materials for

Question 4

Endergonic

Answer 4

consume more energy than they produce (anabolism)
Growth and Repair

Question 5

A ____ is a “food or liquid that supplies the body’s
metabolic needs”.

Answer 5

nutrient

Question 6

Nutrients include:

Answer 6

Necessary chemical, Fuel for energy, Building block or raw material

Question 7

Water, Minerals(inorganic), Vitamins (organic)

Answer 7

Necessary chemical

Question 8

Carbohydrates, Lipids, (Proteins)

Answer 8

Fuel for energy

Question 9

Carbohydrates, Lipids, (proteins)

Answer 9

Building block or raw material

Question 10

_____ create/use energy in the “high-energy” phosphate bonds of ATP, where it can be released quickly and easily

Answer 10

Cellular reactions

Question 11

______ temporarily stores and transfers energy given off in catabolic
reactions and transfers it to anabolic reactions that require energy

Answer 11

ATP

Question 12

Chemical reactions in which a pair of electrons are exchanged

Answer 12

REDOX Reactions

Question 13

removal (Loss) of electrons

Answer 13

oxidation

Question 14

addition (Gain) of electrons

Answer 14

Reduction

Question 15

Oxygen REALLY attracts
______
Reducing oxygen (and oxidizing
something else) gives energy

Answer 15

electrons.

Question 16

Biological REDOX reactions often move hydrogen ions
along with the electrons and so are called

Answer 16

dehydrogenation (REDOX ) reaction

Question 17

The electrons/hydrogen are
transferred to _____
NAD, or FAD (B vitamins)

Answer 17

intermediaries

Question 18

is the body’s preferred source of fuel

Answer 18

glucose

Question 19

4 ATP: substrate level phosphorylation (directly
transferring a high energy phosphate from one organic
molecule to another) in

Answer 19

glycolysis and the Krebs cycle

Question 20

either 32 or 34 ATP: xxxxx using the
cytochromes of the electron transport chain

Answer 20

oxidative phosphorylation

Question 21

(polysaccharide consisting of branched glucose
monomers) is the only stored form of carbohydrate in our
bodies

Answer 21

glycogen

Question 22

: producing glycogen from glucose

Answer 22

glycogenesis

Question 23

the opposite of glycogenesis:
stored glycogen is broken down into glucose and released
into the blood to be transported to cells

Answer 23

glycogenolysis

Question 24

forming “new” glucose (or other steps
in glycolysis/Krebs cycle) from fat or protein (non-
carbohydrate sources)

Answer 24

gluconeogenesis

Question 25

Chemical reactions are _____ (ie Pyruvic acid can be converted back to glucose at the cost of ATP)

Answer 25

reversible

Question 26

one subgroup of lipids called fats

Answer 26

triglycerides

Question 27

Other lipids include waxes, sterols (steroid hormones), fat- soluble vitamins (such as vitamins A, D, E and K), monoglycerides, diglycerides, phospholipids, and others, Triglycerides are a condensed form of useable energy

Answer 27

read

Question 28

All single carbon-carbon bonds

Answer 28

saturated

Question 29

some double or triple C-C bonds

Answer 29

unsaturated

Question 30

nonpolar therefore very hydrophobic  To be transported in watery blood, they combine with lipoproteins (produced in the liver)

Answer 30

Triglycerides

Question 31

 hydrophillic shell (amphipathic molecules)  hydrophobic interior

Answer 31

lipoproteins

Question 32

any of a group of soluble proteins that combine with and transport fat or other lipids in the blood plasma.

Answer 32

lipoprotein

Question 33

fat synthesis

Answer 33

lipogenesis

Question 34

oxidation (catabolism) of lipids to yield glucose (which then yields ATP) the breakdown of fats and other lipids by hydrolysis to release fatty acids.

Answer 34

lipolysis

Question 35

If the body has no immediate needs, lipids are stored in adipose tissue

Answer 35

read

Question 36

Triglyceride->fatty acids +glycerol

Answer 36

lipolysis

Question 37

fatty acid-> Acetyl-CoA +[H2] + 2shorter fatty acid

Answer 37

Beta oxidation:

Question 38

the process by which fatty acids are broken down to produce energy

Answer 38

beta oxidation

Question 39

High levels of Acetyl-CoA from Beta oxidation in the liver results in the formation of

Answer 39

ketoacids

Question 40

is a normal part of fat breakdown, but an excess will cause a metabolic acidosis Excess ketones can be eliminated by the kidneys

Answer 40

ketogenesis

Question 41

are not a primary source of energy; and unlike lipids and sugars, xxx are not stored

Answer 41

proteins

Question 42

'old' Proteins are broken down into ____. “new” amino acids require _____ (-NH2) _____

Answer 42

amino acids. amino group

Question 43

transfer of an amino group (NH2) to pyruvic acid or another acid in the Krebs cycle to form an amino acid

Answer 43

Transamination

Question 44

removal of an amino group leaving the carbons of a carboxylic acid to be used to make ATP

Answer 44

Deamination

Question 45

amino acids that can’t be synthesized by the body

Answer 45

Essential amino acids:

Question 46

are the others that can be synthesized by the body (with an amino group + carbs/lipids

Answer 46

Non-essential amino acids:

Question 47

acetyl-CoA, glucose-6-phosphate, and pyruvic acid key entry points into, and out of the Krebs cycle

Answer 47

pivitol molecules

Question 48

ingested nutrients are entering the blood stream from the digestive tract  Storage is important

Answer 48

absorbitive state

Question 49

energy needs must be met by fuels in the body

Answer 49

Postabsorptive state:

Question 50

is critical because the nervous system and red blood cells depend solely on glucose as an energy source

Answer 50

Maintaining a steady blood glucose

Question 51

Excess fuel molecules are converted and _____ in hepatocytes, adipocytes, and skeletal muscle cells

Answer 51

stored

Question 52

promotes entry of glucose and amino acids into cells

Answer 52

insulin

Question 53

About 4 hours after the last meal the body works to maintain

Answer 53

normal blood glucose levels

Question 54

breakdown of liver glycogen, lipolysis, and gluconeogenesis

Answer 54

using lactic acid and amino acids

Question 55

Every time energy is used or produced in the body some of it takes the form of

Answer 55

heat

Question 56

Internal (core) body temperature at 37°C (97-99°F)

Answer 56

read

Question 57

Heat _____ occurs through:  Metabolism: physical activity in addition to BMR Basal metabolic rate (BMR) is measured with the body in a quiet, fasting condition

Answer 57

gain

Question 58

Heat ____ occurs through:  Evaporation: converting a liquid to a gas (sweat, moisture from respiratory tract)

Answer 58

loss

Question 59

Heat _____ (from hot to cold) occurs through:  Conduction: materials in contact with the body  Convection: gas or liquid flows over an object  Thermal radiation: electromagnetic radiation (infrared, and encompassing visible light) between two bodies not in contact  (skin and lungs primarily)

Answer 59

transfer

Question 60

the bodys thermostat

Answer 60

hypothalamus

Question 61

skin blood vessels constrict thyroid hormones and catecholamines (epinephrine and norepinephrine) raise metabolism. shivering may ensue Behavior: You ‘feel cold’

Answer 61

core temperature declines,

Question 62

blood vessels of the skin dilate sweat glands are stimulated metabolic rate is lowered Behavior: You ‘feel hot’

Answer 62

core temperature rises