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A&P 2 > repro sys > Flashcards

repro sys Flashcards

1
Q

production offspring by means of uniting gametes (sperm and egg) (fertilization

A

sexual reproduction

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2
Q

_____ reproductive organs secrete androgen hormones, produce gametes (sperm), and facilitate fertilization

A

male

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3
Q

_____ reproductive organs secrete female hormones, produce gametes (ova), facilitate fertilization and sustain growth of the embryo and fetus

A

female

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4
Q

(the testes in males and ovaries in females): site for gamete production and hormone secretion

A

Gonads

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5
Q

store and transport gametes

A

various ducts

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6
Q

produce secretions to protect and support the gametes

A

accessory sex glands

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7
Q

deliver and/or assist in joining gametes (penis in male, vagina and uterus in female)

A

supporting structures

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8
Q

o vas deferens (ductus deferens)
o ejaculatory ducts
o urethra

A

Ducts

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9
Q

o seminal vesicles (2)
o Prostate (1)
o bulbourethral glands (2)

A

Glands

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10
Q

supporting structure for the testes
o sac of loose skin and superficial fascia that hangs from the root of the penis
o Contraction of muscle fibers regulates the testicular temp to that required for sperm production
(2-3 ^o below the core temp)

A

scrotum

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11
Q

supportive structure
 connects to the scrotum, and consists of:
o The vas deferens
o The testicular artery
o Veins and lymphatics
o Autonomic nerves

A

Spermatic cord:

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12
Q

The testis is divided into ______
o contains 1-3 ________ where sperm are produced

A

lobules. seminiferous tubules

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13
Q

contains the urethra
o passageway for the ejaculation of semen and the excretion of urine

A

penis

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14
Q

parts of penis

A

body, glans penis, and root

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15
Q

the body of the penis has three cylindrical masses of tissue: each surrounded by ________ (fibrous tissue). the _____ extends the length of the corpora cavernosa penis and corpus spongiosum penis.

A

tunica albuginea

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16
Q

The penis has two dorsolateral masses:

A

corpora cavernosa

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17
Q

Underneath the two dorsolateral masses is a smaller midventral mass called ________ . (contains the spongy urethra keeps it open during Ejaculation)

A

corpus spongiosum

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18
Q

testicular descent and development of male external genitalia

A

Prenatal secretion of testosterone:

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19
Q

: male secondary sexual characteristics

A

Secretion of testosterone at puberty

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20
Q

The male secondary sexual characteristics:

A

 stimulation of anabolism (musculoskeletal and protein growth)
 hair growth patterns
 lowering of the voice
 development of libido (sexual drive)

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21
Q

produced in the seminiferous tubules by spermatogonia

A

spermatozoa

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22
Q

At puberty, the anterior pituitary increases secretion of LH and FSH
oLH (leutenizing hormone) stimulates ______ cells, between seminiferous tubules, to secrete _______

A

Leydig. testosterone

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23
Q

the production or development of mature spermatozoa.

A

Spermatogenesis

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24
Q

Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) stimulates ______ cells increasing the rate of _____

A

Sertoli. spermatogenesis

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25
Q

As the degree of spermatogenesis (sperm formation) Increases to a certain point, Sertoli cells release ______, a hormone that inhibits ______

A

inhibin. FSH

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26
Q

help in supporting, protecting and provide nutrition to spermatogenic cells

A

the function of the Sertoli cells

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27
Q

Sperm contains several structures that are highly adapted for _______ a secondary oocyte

A

reaching and penetrating

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28
Q

The head of the sperm contains:

A
  • nucleus with 23 highly condensed chromosomes (half the normal number)
  • an acrosome
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29
Q

cap-like vesicle with enzymes that help a
sperm to penetrate a secondary oocyte

A

acrosome

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30
Q

The tail of the sperm contains:

A

o Anterior portion (middle piece) contains many mitochondria which provide the energy (ATP) for locomotion

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31
Q

Sperm travel via the following route:

A

o Seminiferous tubules
o Rete testis (network)
o Efferent ducts
o Ductus epididymis
o Vas (ductus) deferens
o Ejaculatory duct (within the prostate gland)
o Urethra

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32
Q

the 3 portions of the urethra

A

prostatic
membranous
penile

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33
Q

o viscous, alkaline fluid (mainly during ejaculation)
o makes up 60% of the total volume.
o Contains: fructose (_______), prostaglandins (to stimulate smooth muscle _______), and clotting proteins (______)

A

Seminal vesicles:. for energy. contractions. fibrinogen

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34
Q

Seminal vesicles
* _____ neutralizes the ______ of the male urethra and the female reproductive tract

A

alkalinity. acidity

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35
Q

: chestnut-sized, donut-shaped gland
o 25% of ejaculate volume.
o milky, slightly ______ solution
o Containing: citric acid (______), acid phosphatase, and proteolytic enzymes (PSA and hyaluronidase)

A

Prostate. acidic. for energy

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36
Q

: pea-sized gland inferior to the prostate.
o protective alkaline mucus (decreases sperm damage in the urethra)

A

Bulbourethral (Cowper’s) gland

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37
Q

Sexual stimulation (visual, tactile, auditory, olfactory, or imagined) triggers _______ fibers initiating and maintaining an erection

A

sacral parasympathetic

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38
Q

The Male Sexual Response
o arteries that supply the penis ____ and blood enters penile sinuses in the erectile tissue
o smooth muscle within the erectile tissue _____ resulting in widening of the blood sinuses

A

dilate. relaxes

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39
Q

______ stimulation is necessary for the rest of the sexual response, including ejaculation

A

Sympathetic

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40
Q

o Smooth muscle sphincter at the base of the urinary bladder ______
o Semen is propelled into the _____ portion of the urethra (emission)
o Peristaltic contractions culminate in the release of semen from the urethra to the exterior

A

closes. penile.

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41
Q

Male ejactulation. male erection

A

sympathetic. parasympathetic

42
Q

The period after orgasm is known as the

A

refractory period

43
Q

During the refractory period, release of the neurohormones _____ and _____ produce a feeling of relaxation

A

oxytocin. prolactin

44
Q

The period after orgasm is known as the refractory period.
During this time, release of the neurohormones oxytocin and prolactin produce a feeling of relaxation
o Release of these hormones (and others, like
_______) also serves as a reward mechanism that regulates pair-bonding and ______ between the partners

A

vasopressin. sexual imprinting

45
Q

 ovaries (female gonads)
 uterine tubes
(fallopian tubes/ducts)
 Uterus
 Vagina
 External organs
(vulva, or pudendum)

A

Female Reproductive system

46
Q

The Ovarian cortex contains

A

ovarian follicles

47
Q

The Ovarian medulla contains

A

blood vessels, lymphatic vessels, and nerves

48
Q

o produce mature 2o oocytes (female gametes)
o release one (ovulation) during each monthly ovarian cycle
o secrete the female hormones estrogen, progesterone, inhibin, and relaxin

A

ovaries

49
Q

The ______ provide a site for fertilization

A

uterine tubes

50
Q

______ oocytes are formed from the oogonia by the mitotic division

A

primary oocyte

51
Q

______ oocytes are formed from the primary oocytes by first meiotic division

A

secondary

52
Q

 The 2o oocyte enters the _____
 Ovum is transported through the _____ and ______ to the Uterus.

A

infundibulum. ampulla. isthmus

53
Q

pear shaped organ between the urinary bladder and the rectum
o part of the pathway for sperm deposited in the vagina to reach the uterine tubes
o site of implantation of a fertilized ovum
o development of the fetus during pregnancy
o labor
o During reproductive cycles when implantation does not occur, the uterus is the source of menstrual flow

A

uterus

54
Q

Anatomical subdivisions of the uterus:
Fundus:______
Body,: _______
cervix : ________

A

: dome-shaped superior portion (top)
: central portion tapers to a narrow isthmus
: opens into the vagina through the cervical
canal

55
Q

The cervical canal has an _____ to the uterine cavity and an ______ to the vagina

A

internal os, external os

56
Q

: fibromuscular canal lined with mucous membrane
o extends from exterior of the body to the cervix.
o composed of both ______ and ______
muscle

A

Vagina. longitudinal. circular

57
Q

3 Vagina functions:

A

o Passageway for menstrual flow
o Receive sperm
o Form the lower birth canal

58
Q

o Mons pubis (created by ______ tissue)
o Clitoris: Erectile tissue
o Labia majora (outer limits of ______) and labia minora (covers the ______)
o Vestibule, the area between the labia minora
o Vaginal orifice (opening)

A

Vulva (female external genitalia) refers to
the:. adipose. vulva. vestibule

59
Q

Anterior to the vaginal orifice and posterior to the clitoris

A

External urethral orifice:

60
Q

Mucus-secreting ______ flank the external urethral orifice (homologous to the prostate gland in males)

A

paraurethral glands

61
Q

on either side of the vaginal orifice
o open by ducts into a groove between the hymen and labia minora.
o produce lubricating mucous during sexual arousal

A

Greater vestibular (Bartholin’s) glands

62
Q

: modified sudoriferous glands that produce milk
 contains 15–20 lobes divided into_____

A

Breasts (mammary glands): . lobules

63
Q

Breast Lobules: composed of milk-secreting
glands called _____

A

alveoli

64
Q

_____ in the ovaries and uterus
o Each cycle takes about a month
o oogenesis (ovarian cycle)
o preparation of the _____ to receive a fertilized ovum

A

Cyclical changes. uterus

65
Q

: cycle of hormones secreted in the brain (GnRH, FSH, and LH)

A

Hypothalamic/pituitary cycle:

66
Q

: occurs in the ovaries where 1o , 2o and 3o follicles are formed

A

ovarian cycle:

67
Q

: refers to the monthly cycling of the endometrium when a woman is not pregnant

A

uterine cycle

68
Q

formation of gametes in the ovaries

A

oogenesis

69
Q

During early fetal development, ______ cells differentiate into oogonia

A

primordial germ

70
Q

diploid (2n) stem cells that divide mitotically

A

Oogonia

71
Q

Most oogonia degenerate, a few develop into
______ that enter prophase of meiosis I
(during fetal development) but do not
______

A

1o oocytes. complete it

72
Q

Most oogonia degenerate, a few develop into
______ that enter prophase of meiosis I
(during fetal development) but do not
______

A

1o oocytes. complete it

73
Q

During the interim (an ______ stage of
development), each 1o oocyte is surrounded
by follicular cells in a _______

A

arrested. primordial follicle

74
Q

At puberty, under the influence of LH and FSH (the brain ______)

A

gonadotropins

75
Q

Several primordial follicles will be stimulated each month
o Maturing oocytes within maturing follicles become a_____ oocyte within a ___ follicle at the point of ovulation

A

2o. 3o

76
Q

: produced from completed meiosis I along with a polar body
 Only one follicle will typically
reach the point of ovulation each month

A

2o oocyte:

77
Q

The Ovarian Cycle Consists of Both:

A

Oocyte maturation and follicle maturation

78
Q

At ovulation: _____ (mature Graafian
follicle) expels the ____ into the pelvic
cavity

A

3o follicle. 2o oocyte

79
Q

The 2o oocyte swept into the uterine tube by
_______
 if not fertilized, it degenerates
 if fertilized, meiosis II resumes

A

infindibulum

80
Q

what people refer to as “the egg”

A

2o oocyte

81
Q

After ovulation, a mature Graafian follicle
becomes a _______, essential for establishing and maintaining pregnancy in females.

A

corpus luteum

82
Q

The corpus luteum:
o secretes _______ thicken the endometrium
o and _______, develops and maintains the endometrium
o After approx. 14 days, if the 2o oocyte is not
fertilized, the corpus luteum stops secreting and degenerates into a _________ (a mass of fibrous scar tissue)

A

estrogens. progesterone. corpus albicans

83
Q

 Without estrogen and progesterone, the uterine lining _______ (menses)
 If, on the other hand, ________,
human chorionic gonadotrophin (hCG- produced by the developing embryo) prevents the corpus luteum from decaying well into the 1st trimester until the placenta can take over

A

sloughs. pregnancy occurs

84
Q

Window of opportunity for fertilization is
approximately ______ before ovulation to ______ after ovulation (the sperm can survive 48-72 hrs. in the uterine tube)

A

2 days. 1 day

85
Q

At the moment of ______, a sperm penetrates the plasma membrane of the 2o oocyte and the nuclear material of the two cells unite to reconstitute the normal number of chromosomes (2n)
o The new diploid cell is called a _______

A

conception. zygote

86
Q

Estrogen, progesterone, relaxin, and inhibin are all secreted by ______ (and the placenta during pregnancy)

A

ovaries

87
Q

o presence of secondary sex characteristics (adipose tissue in the breasts, mons pubis, abdomen, and hips, voice pitch, and broad pelvis)
o It also lowers blood cholesterol and assists with fluid and electrolyte balance and protein anabolism

A

Estrogen:

88
Q

: is the principal hormone responsible for maturation of the uterine endometrium, as well as an important player in stimulating breast development
o It inhibits GnRH and LH through a negative
feedback loop

A

Progesterone:

89
Q

is released by the corpus luteum; it relaxes
the myometrium and the pubic symphysis at the end of pregnancy

A

relaxin

90
Q

is released by granulosa cells, and then in
large amount by the corpus luteum; it inhibits FSH and LH

A

Inhibin

91
Q

In many ways the uterine or menstrual cycle closely parallels the events happening in the ovaries
o Under the influence of the ovarian hormones, the uterine lining undergoes cyclic events (4 phases) every 28 days (on average)
 _______ marks the beginning of the cycle
 This is followed at day 5 by the _______
 ______ occurs on about day 14, after which the _______ begins

A

-Menses
-pre-ovulatory phase
-Ovulation
-post-ovulatory phase

92
Q

:GnRH->FSH -> Follicles begin developing

A

Pre-Ovulatory:

93
Q

Estrogen (builds up endometrium)

A

Developing Follicle->

94
Q

peak in Estrogen->Peak in LH - >Ovulation

A

Mature Follicle->

95
Q

Ovulation->Corpus Luteum->Progesterone (more build up of endometrium + inhibition of LH+GnRH) Inhibin (inhibits LH+FSH)…..Corpus Luteum decays->Menses

A

read?

96
Q

degeneration of the endometrium when levels of progesterone become insufficient

A

Menses

97
Q

Insufficient Progesterone -> Prostaglandin ->
_________ -> reduction in blood flow: endometrial tissue eventually sloughs, and is passed out through the vagina

A

constriction of supply arteries.

98
Q

Estrogens released from the new developing
follicles restores the uterine epithelium

A

Pre-ovulatory (proliferative phase):

99
Q

Estrogens and progesterone from the corpus luteum increase the secretion of mucous-rich
glycogen from endometrial glands and the endometrium reaches maximum thickness and maturity

A

Post-ovulatory (secretory phase):

100
Q

Sexual stimulation-> stimulation of ________ fibers and nitric oxide dilation of the erectile tissues – in this case, of the clitoris

A

sacral parasympathetic

A&P 2 (27 decks)

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