exam 3 Flashcards by Sarah Salinas

upper respiratory tract includes

nose, pharynx, larynx

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lower respiratory tract includes

larynx, trachea, bronchi and lungs.

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brings air to/from the site of gas
exchange (external respiration): nose, pharynx, larynx,
trachea, bronchi, bronchioles and terminal
bronchioles

conducting zone:

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main site of gas exchange : respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts, alveolar sacs, and alveoli.

respiratory zone :

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Air passing through the respiratory
tract traverses the (the order)

Nasal cavity
Pharynx
Larynx
Trachea
Primary (1o) bronchi
Secondary (2o) bronchi
Tertiary (3o) bronchi
Bronchioles
Alveoli (150 million/lung)

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nose is visible on the face

external

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nose is the cavity beyond the nasal vestibule.
divided by nasal septum

internal

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Function of what? :
Filter, warm, moisten incoming air
Smell incoming air
Resonating chamber

nose

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Three _______: protrude from each
lateral wall.

nasal conchae (or turbinates)

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function of :
Meatus under each nasal concha, for a duct that drains secretions of the sinuses and tears into the nose.
Increases turbulence mixing air for moisture
and warmth

the nasal conchae

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hollow tube starting posterior to the nasal
cavity and descending to the opening of the larynx in the neck

Pharynx

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Function of what? :
o a passageway for air and food
o a resonating chamber
o a housing for the tonsils

Pharynx

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3 anatomical regions of pharynx

The nasopharynx; oropharynx; and laryngopharynx

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Most of the Respiratory tract is lined with

ciliated pseudostratified columnar tissue

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_____ moves mucous and trapped particles toward the pharynx and into the digestive tract.

cilia

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_____ is composed of 9 pieces of cartilage: connects the laryngopharynx with the trachea (the “windpipe”).

Larynx

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prevents food and water from entering
the lower respiratory system
Resonating chamber

Larynx

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flap of elastic cartilage covered with a mucus membrane, attached to the root of the tongue

Epiglottis

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epiglottis guards the entrance of the____, the
opening between the vocal folds.

glottis

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As air passes from the _____ into the _____, it
leaves the upper respiratory tract and enters the lower respiratory tract.

laryngopharynx, larynx

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semi-rigid pipe of semi-circular cartilaginous
rings, anterior to the esophagus. Extends from the larynx into the mediastinum where it divides into right and left primary (1o, “mainstem”) bronchi.

trachea

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The trachea is composed of 4 layers:

a mucous secreting epithelium: mucosa
three layers of CT (submucosa, hyaline cartilage, and adventitia).

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Tracheal cartilage rings are incomplete (anterioirly/posteriorly), facing the esophagus.

posteriorly

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Esophageal masses can press into this _______ and make it difficult to breath, or even totally obstruct the airway.

soft part of the trachea

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emerge from the inferior trachea at the carina go to the lungs, situated in the right and left pleural cavities

Primary (1o or “mainstem”) bronchi

____ bronchi divide into bronchioles

1o bronchi divide to form 2o (_____) and 3o bronchi (_____) of each lung

supply lobes, supply segments

bronchioles o branch through about 22 more divisions o The smallest are the

terminal bronchioles

As bronchi and bronchioles branch and become smaller. mucous membrane changes from _____

columnar to cuboidal

As bronchi and bronchioles branch and become smaller. cartilaginous rings become _____

more sparse, and eventually disappear altogether.

In bronchioles, smooth muscle

increases

smooth muscle Sympathetic stimulation:

airway dilation

smooth muscle Parasympathetic stimulation:

airway constriction

trachea to the terminal bronchioles: conducting airways –

they do not participate in gas exchange.

participates in gas exchange

Alveoli

Alveoli Connected to respiratory bronchioles (_____) and alveolar ducts (_____)

simple cuboidal epithelium. Simple squamous

alveoli, alveolar sacs, respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts and a terminal bronchiole

Pulmonary lobule

is wrapped in elastic CT

Pulmonary lobule

composed chiefly of type I alveolar cells, allowing for exchange of gases with pulmonary capillaries.

Alveoli

secrete surfactant that prevents collapse of the alveoli during exhalation. Alveoli macrophages remove microscopic debris

Type II cells

a substance which tends to reduce the surface tension of a liquid in which it is dissolved.

surfactant

The lungs receive blood via two sets of arteries

pulmonary arteries and Bronchial arteries

carry deoxygenated blood from the right heart to the lungs for oxygenation

pulmonary arteries

branch from the aorta and deliver oxygenated blood to the lungs (primarily the muscular walls of the bronchi and bronchioles)

Bronchial arteries

matches perfusion (blood flow) of areas in the lungs to ventilation (airflow) in that area

Ventilation-perfusion coupling:

which lung has three lobes and two lobes

right=3, left=2

superior, extends slightly above the clavicles

Apex of the lung

on the diaphragm

Base of the lung

(indentation for the heart) makes the left lung slightly smaller than the right lung

Cardiac notch –

line the walls of the thoracic cavity

parietal pleura

adhere tightly to the lungs

visceral pleura

On each side of the thorax, a _____ is formed

pleural cavity

surface tension moves two layers together

Mechanical coupling:

The gases of the atmosphere have a____ and a_____ (5 x 1018 kg)

mass. weight

the atmosphere exerts a significant_____ on every object on the planet through _____ (force applied per unit area, P = F/A.) Measured by a_____

force. air pressure. barometer

At sea level, the air pressure is:

760 mmHg = 1 atmosphere

At high altitudes, the atmospheric pressure is (greater/less); descending to sea level, atmospheric pressure is (greater/less).

less. greater

apply equally to the gases of the atmosphere, the gases in our lungs, the gases dissolved in the blood, and the gases diffusing into and out of the cells of our body.

gas laws

______common gas laws are important to the mechanics of ventilation and respiration

3 of the 5

applies to containers with flexible walls – like our thoracic cage

Boyle's law

Volume and pressure are ______. o If there is a____ in volume – there will be an_____ in pressure. o V ∝ 1/P

inversely related. decrease. increase

applies to a mixture of gases.

Daltons law

The pressure of each gas is directly proportional to the percentage of that gas in the total mixture:

PTotal = P1 + P2 + P3 ...

O2 = 21% of atmosphere, the partial pressure exerted by the contribution of just O2 (written pO2 or PAO2) = 0.21 x 760 mmHg = 159.6 mmHg at sea level.

just read

gas molecules diffuse from regions of higher pressure (higher concentration) to regions of lower pressure (lower concentration)

gas exchange - partial pressure (just read)

deals with gases and solutions

henrys law

movement of air between the atmosphere and the alveoli: inhalation and exhalation.

ventilation

ventilation is made possible by

changes in the intrathoracic volume

Respiration is the

exchange of gases

gas exchange between the alveoli and the blood.

External respiration (pulmonary

gas exchange between the systemic capillaries and the tissues of the body

Internal respiration (tissue)

Changing the volume of the thoracic cavity (and the lungs – remember the mechanical coupling of the chest wall, pleura, and lungs),

changes the pressure in the lungs

Changes in air pressure result in

movement of the air

Gas will always move from a region of____ pressure to a region of____ pressure.

high. low

primary muscle of respiration – all the others are accessory.

diaphragm

The recruitment of accessory muscles greatly depends on whether the respiratory movements are quiet (______), or forced (____-).

normal. labored

3 other factors also affect the ease with which we ventilate:

surface tension of alveolar fluid, lung compliance, and diameter of an airway

accounts for 2/3 of lung elastic recoil. Surfactant prevents the complete collapse of alveoli at exhalation, facilitating reasonable levels of work

surface tension of alveolar fluid

means the lungs and chest wall expand easily.

Lung compliance

______diameter of an airway-> less airway resistance->greater flow of air

Larger

Ventilation can be measured using

spirometry

is the volume of air inspired (or expired) during normal quiet breathing (500 ml).

Tidal Volume

is the volume inspired during a very deep inhalation (3100 ml – height and gender dependent)

inspiratory Reserve Volume (IRV)

is the volume expired during a forced exhalation (1200 ml)

Expiratory Reserve Volume (ERV)

is all the air that can be exhaled after maximum inspiration

Vital Capacity (VC)

______ s the sum of the inspiratory reserve + tidal volume + expiratory reserve (4800 ml)

Vital Capacity (VC)

is the air still present in the lungs after a force exhalation (1200 ml).

Residual Volume (RV)

The RV is a reserve for mixing of gases but (is/is not) available to move in or out of the lungs.

is not

About 70% of the tidal volume reaches the _____ zone – the other 30% remains in the ____ zone (called the _____)

respiratory. conducting. anatomic dead space

The pressure of a specific gas is the partial pressure Pp. Atmospheric pressure (760 mmHg) = Since O2 is 21% PO2 =760 x 0.21 = 159.6 mmHg.

daltons law

Gas ______ (like the AC membrane) from greater partial pressure to lower partial pressure

diffuses across a permeable membrane

_____ the difference=faster diffusion

Greater

O2 moves from the _____ into the blood

alveoli

___ moves into the lungs

CO2

In the blood, a tiny amount of O2 is dissolved in the plasma. Most O2 (about 98.5%) is carried attached to Hb. Oxygenated Hb is called _____

oxyhemoglobin

CO2 is transported in the blood in three different forms:

gas, carbonic acid/bicarbonate, Hb

7% is dissolved in the plasma, as a

gas

70% is converted into ______ catalyzed by the enzyme carbonic anhydrase. o CO2 + H2O H2CO3 H+ + HCO3-

carbonic acid/bicarbonate

23% is attached to ____ (but not at the same binding sites as oxygen)

The amount of Hb saturated with O2 is called the

SaO2

The relationship between the pressure of O2 in the plasma and the saturation of Hb

Oxygen-hemoglobin saturation curve

The higher the ___ dissolved in the plasma, the higher the ___.

PO2. SaO2

_____ shift the entire O2 –Hb saturation curve to the right (lower affinity for O2)

Acidity (pH), PCO2, and blood temperature

Fever (^ temp.) , ^ CO2, and acidosis (^ H+ ) shift ______, making it easier to unload O2 at the tissues * Hypothermia ( ↓temp.), ↓CO2, and alkalosis, (↓H+ ) shift _____, binding 02 more strongly

the curve to the right. the curve to the left

Fetal hemoglobin (Hb-F) has a (lower/higher) affinity for oxygen (it is shifted to the left) than adult hemoglobin A, so it binds O2 more strongly

higher

located in the brainstem, has centers that control basic respiratory patterns for both inspiration and expiration.

Medulla rhythmicity area:

Other sites in the____ help the medullary centers manage the transition between inhalation and exhalation.

pons

voluntary control of breathing.

cortex

Stretch receptors sensing over-inflation arrests breathing temporarily

(Herring Breuer reflex)

(limbic system) affect respiration

emotions

The_____, sensing a fever, increases breathing, as does moderate pain

hypothalamus

_____ (pH*, O2 too low, CO2 too high) increases breathing *primary signal

Blood Chemistry