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A&P 2 > exam 3 > Flashcards

exam 3 Flashcards

1
Q

upper respiratory tract includes

A

nose, pharynx, larynx

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2
Q

lower respiratory tract includes

A

larynx, trachea, bronchi and lungs.

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3
Q

brings air to/from the site of gas
exchange (external respiration): nose, pharynx, larynx,
trachea, bronchi, bronchioles and terminal
bronchioles

A

conducting zone:

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4
Q

main site of gas exchange : respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts, alveolar sacs, and alveoli.

A

respiratory zone :

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5
Q

Air passing through the respiratory
tract traverses the (the order)

A

Nasal cavity
Pharynx
Larynx
Trachea
Primary (1o) bronchi
Secondary (2o) bronchi
Tertiary (3o) bronchi
Bronchioles
Alveoli (150 million/lung)

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6
Q

nose is visible on the face

A

external

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7
Q

nose is the cavity beyond the nasal vestibule.
divided by nasal septum

A

internal

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8
Q

Function of what? :
Filter, warm, moisten incoming air
Smell incoming air
Resonating chamber

A

nose

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9
Q

Three _______: protrude from each
lateral wall.

A

nasal conchae (or turbinates)

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10
Q

function of :
Meatus under each nasal concha, for a duct that drains secretions of the sinuses and tears into the nose.
Increases turbulence mixing air for moisture
and warmth

A

the nasal conchae

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11
Q

hollow tube starting posterior to the nasal
cavity and descending to the opening of the larynx in the neck

A

Pharynx

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12
Q

Function of what? :
o a passageway for air and food
o a resonating chamber
o a housing for the tonsils

A

Pharynx

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13
Q

3 anatomical regions of pharynx

A

The nasopharynx; oropharynx; and laryngopharynx

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14
Q

Most of the Respiratory tract is lined with

A

ciliated pseudostratified columnar tissue

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15
Q

_____ moves mucous and trapped particles toward the pharynx and into the digestive tract.

A

cilia

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16
Q

_____ is composed of 9 pieces of cartilage: connects the laryngopharynx with the trachea (the “windpipe”).

A

Larynx

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17
Q
  • prevents food and water from entering
    the lower respiratory system
  • Resonating chamber
A

Larynx

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18
Q

flap of elastic cartilage covered with a mucus membrane, attached to the root of the tongue

A

Epiglottis

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19
Q

epiglottis guards the entrance of the____, the
opening between the vocal folds.

A

glottis

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20
Q

As air passes from the _____ into the _____, it
leaves the upper respiratory tract and enters the lower respiratory tract.

A

laryngopharynx, larynx

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21
Q

semi-rigid pipe of semi-circular cartilaginous
rings, anterior to the esophagus. Extends from the larynx into the mediastinum where it divides into right and left primary (1o, “mainstem”) bronchi.

A

trachea

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22
Q

The trachea is composed of 4 layers:

A

a mucous secreting epithelium: mucosa
three layers of CT (submucosa, hyaline cartilage, and adventitia).

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23
Q

Tracheal cartilage rings are incomplete (anterioirly/posteriorly), facing the esophagus.

A

posteriorly

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24
Q

Esophageal masses can press into this _______ and make it difficult to breath, or even totally obstruct the airway.

A

soft part of the trachea

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25
Q

emerge from the inferior trachea at the carina
go to the lungs, situated in the right and left pleural cavities

A

Primary (1o or “mainstem”) bronchi

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26
Q

____ bronchi divide into bronchioles

A

3

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27
Q

1o bronchi divide to form 2o (_____) and 3o bronchi (_____) of each lung

A

supply lobes, supply segments

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28
Q

bronchioles
o branch through
about 22 more divisions
o The smallest are the

A

terminal bronchioles

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29
Q

As bronchi and bronchioles branch and become smaller.
mucous membrane changes from _____

A

columnar to cuboidal

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30
Q

As bronchi and bronchioles branch and become smaller.
cartilaginous rings become _____

A

more sparse, and eventually disappear altogether.

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31
Q

In bronchioles, smooth muscle

A

increases

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32
Q

smooth muscle Sympathetic stimulation:

A

airway dilation

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33
Q

smooth muscle Parasympathetic stimulation:

A

airway constriction

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34
Q

trachea to the terminal bronchioles: conducting airways –

A

they do not participate in gas exchange.

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35
Q

participates in gas exchange

A

Alveoli

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36
Q

Alveoli
Connected to respiratory bronchioles (_____) and alveolar ducts (_____)

A

simple cuboidal epithelium. Simple squamous

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37
Q

alveoli, alveolar sacs, respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts and a terminal bronchiole

A

Pulmonary lobule

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38
Q

is wrapped in elastic CT

A

Pulmonary lobule

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39
Q

composed chiefly of type I alveolar cells,
allowing for exchange of gases with
pulmonary capillaries.

A

Alveoli

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40
Q

secrete surfactant that prevents collapse of the alveoli during exhalation.
Alveoli macrophages remove microscopic debris

A

Type II cells

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41
Q

a substance which tends to reduce the surface tension of a liquid in which it is dissolved.

A

surfactant

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42
Q

The lungs receive blood via two sets of arteries

A

pulmonary arteries and Bronchial arteries

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43
Q

carry deoxygenated blood from the
right heart to the lungs for oxygenation

A

pulmonary arteries

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44
Q

branch from the aorta and deliver
oxygenated blood to the lungs (primarily the muscular walls of the bronchi and bronchioles)

A

Bronchial arteries

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45
Q

matches perfusion (blood flow) of areas in the lungs to ventilation (airflow) in that area

A

Ventilation-perfusion coupling:

46
Q

which lung has three lobes and two lobes

A

right=3, left=2

47
Q

superior, extends slightly above the
clavicles

A

Apex of the lung

48
Q

on the diaphragm

A

Base of the lung

49
Q

(indentation for the heart) makes the left
lung slightly smaller than the right lung

A

Cardiac notch –

50
Q

line the walls of the thoracic cavity

A

parietal pleura

51
Q

adhere tightly to the lungs

A

visceral pleura

52
Q

On each side of the thorax, a _____ is formed

A

pleural cavity

53
Q

surface tension moves two
layers together

A

Mechanical coupling:

54
Q

The gases of the atmosphere have a____ and a_____ (5 x 1018 kg)

A

mass. weight

55
Q

the atmosphere exerts a significant_____ on every object on the planet through _____ (force applied per unit area, P = F/A.)
Measured by a_____

A

force. air pressure. barometer

56
Q

At sea level, the air pressure is:

A

760 mmHg = 1 atmosphere

57
Q

At high altitudes, the atmospheric pressure is (greater/less);
descending to sea level, atmospheric pressure is (greater/less).

A

less. greater

58
Q

apply equally to the gases of the atmosphere, the gases in our lungs, the gases dissolved in the blood, and the gases diffusing into and out of the cells of our body.

A

gas laws

59
Q

______common gas laws are important to the mechanics of ventilation and respiration

A

3 of the 5

60
Q

applies to containers with flexible walls – like
our thoracic cage

A

Boyle’s law

61
Q

Volume and pressure are ______.
o If there is a____ in volume – there will be an_____ in pressure.
o V ∝ 1/P

A

inversely related. decrease. increase

62
Q

applies to a mixture of gases.

A

Daltons law

63
Q

The pressure of each gas is directly proportional to the percentage of that gas in the total mixture:

A

PTotal = P1 + P2 + P3 …

64
Q

O2 = 21% of atmosphere, the partial pressure exerted by the contribution of just O2 (written pO2 or PAO2) = 0.21 x 760 mmHg = 159.6 mmHg at sea level.

A

just read

65
Q

gas molecules diffuse from regions of higher pressure (higher concentration) to regions of lower pressure (lower concentration)

A

gas exchange - partial pressure (just read)

66
Q

deals with gases and solutions

A

henrys law

67
Q

movement of air between the atmosphere and the alveoli: inhalation and exhalation.

A

ventilation

68
Q

ventilation is made possible by

A

changes in the intrathoracic volume

69
Q

Respiration is the

A

exchange of gases

70
Q

gas exchange between the alveoli and the blood.

A

External respiration (pulmonary

71
Q

gas exchange between the systemic capillaries and the tissues of the body

A

Internal respiration (tissue)

72
Q

Changing the volume of the thoracic cavity (and the lungs – remember the mechanical coupling of the chest wall, pleura, and lungs),

A

changes the pressure in the lungs

73
Q

Changes in air pressure result in

A

movement of the air

74
Q

Gas will always move from a region of____ pressure to a region of____ pressure.

A

high. low

75
Q

primary muscle of respiration – all the
others are accessory.

A

diaphragm

76
Q

The recruitment of accessory muscles greatly depends on whether the respiratory movements are quiet (______), or forced (____-).

A

normal. labored

77
Q

3 other factors also affect the ease with which we ventilate:

A

surface tension of alveolar fluid, lung compliance, and diameter of an airway

78
Q

accounts for 2/3 of lung elastic recoil. Surfactant prevents the complete collapse of alveoli at exhalation, facilitating reasonable
levels of work

A

surface tension of alveolar fluid

79
Q

means the lungs and chest wall expand easily.

A

Lung compliance

80
Q

______diameter of an airway-> less airway
resistance->greater flow of air

A

Larger

81
Q

Ventilation can be measured using

A

spirometry

82
Q

is the volume of air inspired (or expired) during normal quiet breathing (500 ml).

A

Tidal Volume

83
Q

is the volume inspired during a very deep inhalation (3100 ml – height and gender dependent)

A

inspiratory Reserve Volume (IRV)

84
Q

is the volume expired during a forced exhalation (1200 ml)

A

Expiratory Reserve Volume (ERV)

85
Q

is all the air that can be exhaled after
maximum inspiration

A

Vital Capacity (VC)

86
Q

______ s the sum of the inspiratory reserve + tidal volume + expiratory reserve (4800 ml)

A

Vital Capacity (VC)

87
Q

is the air still present in the lungs after a force exhalation (1200 ml).

A

Residual Volume (RV)

88
Q

The RV is a reserve for mixing of gases but (is/is not) available to move in or out of the lungs.

A

is not

89
Q

About 70% of the tidal volume reaches the _____ zone – the other 30% remains in the ____ zone (called the _____)

A

respiratory. conducting. anatomic dead space

90
Q

The pressure of a specific gas is the partial
pressure Pp.
Atmospheric pressure
(760 mmHg) =
Since O2 is 21%
PO2 =760 x 0.21 =
159.6 mmHg.

A

daltons law

91
Q

Gas ______ (like the AC membrane) from greater partial pressure to lower partial pressure

A

diffuses across a permeable membrane

92
Q

_____ the difference=faster diffusion

A

Greater

93
Q

O2 moves from the _____ into the blood

A

alveoli

94
Q

___ moves into the lungs

A

CO2

95
Q

In the blood, a tiny amount of O2 is dissolved in the plasma. Most O2 (about 98.5%) is carried attached to Hb.
Oxygenated Hb is called _____

A

oxyhemoglobin

96
Q

CO2 is transported in the blood in three different forms:

A

gas, carbonic acid/bicarbonate, Hb

97
Q

7% is dissolved in the plasma, as a

A

gas

98
Q

70% is converted into ______ catalyzed by the enzyme carbonic anhydrase.
o CO2 + H2O H2CO3 H+ + HCO3-

A

carbonic acid/bicarbonate

99
Q

23% is attached to ____ (but not at the same binding sites as oxygen)

A

Hb

100
Q

The amount of Hb saturated with O2 is called the

A

SaO2

101
Q

The relationship between the pressure of O2 in the plasma and the saturation of Hb

A

Oxygen-hemoglobin saturation curve

102
Q

The higher the ___ dissolved in the plasma,
the higher the ___.

A

PO2. SaO2

103
Q

_____ shift the entire O2 –Hb saturation
curve to the right (lower affinity for O2)

A

Acidity (pH), PCO2, and blood temperature

104
Q

Fever (^ temp.) , ^ CO2, and acidosis (^ H+ ) shift ______, making it easier to unload O2 at the tissues
* Hypothermia ( ↓temp.), ↓CO2, and alkalosis,
(↓H+ ) shift _____, binding 02 more strongly

A

the curve to the right. the curve to the left

105
Q

Fetal hemoglobin (Hb-F) has a (lower/higher) affinity for oxygen (it is shifted to the left) than adult hemoglobin A, so it binds O2 more strongly

A

higher

106
Q

located in the brainstem, has centers that control basic respiratory patterns for both inspiration and expiration.

A

Medulla rhythmicity area:

107
Q

Other sites in the____ help the medullary centers manage the transition between inhalation and exhalation.

A

pons

108
Q

voluntary control of breathing.

A

cortex

109
Q

Stretch receptors sensing over-inflation arrests
breathing temporarily

A

(Herring Breuer reflex)

110
Q

(limbic system) affect respiration

A

emotions

111
Q

The_____, sensing a fever, increases
breathing, as does moderate pain

A

hypothalamus

112
Q

_____ (pH*, O2 too low, CO2 too high)
increases breathing *primary signal

A

Blood Chemistry

A&P 2 (27 decks)

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