urinary pt 2

Question 1

The production of urine involves:

Answer 1

Glomerular filtration:, Tubular reabsorption: , and Tubular secretion:

Question 2

fluid filtered from the blood to the
glomerulus

Answer 2

Glomerular filtration:

Question 3

amount of filtrate
formed in all the renal corpuscles of both kidneys each
minute.

Answer 3

glomerular filtration rate (GFR):

Question 4

returning important substances
from the filtrate back to the body

Answer 4

Tubular reabsorbtion

Question 5

the movement of waste materials
from the body to the filtrate.

Answer 5

Tubular secretion:

Question 6

_____ s the formation of a protein-free
filtrate (ultrafiltrate) of plasma across the glomerular
membrane.

Answer 6

Glomerular filtration

Question 7

main force that “pushes”
water and solutes through the filtration membrane
(promotes filtration). *Primary determinant of amount of
filtrate

Answer 7

Blood hydrostatic pressure

Question 8

from the capsular space
(opposes filtration)

Answer 8

Capsular hydrostatic pressure

Question 9

osmotic pressure of
plasma proteins “pulling” on water (opposes filtration)

Answer 9

Blood osmotic (oncotic) pressure:

Question 10

Final part of the ascending limb of the loop of Henle
contacts the afferent arteriole for that _____

Answer 10

renal corpuscle

Question 11

Columnar tubule cells in the afferent arteiole region are the

Answer 11

macula densa

Question 12

Wall of the afferent arteriole contains

Answer 12

juxtaglomerular (JG)
cells: modified
smooth muscle fibers

Question 13

Juxtaglomerular
apparatus (JGA):

Answer 13

juxtaglomerular cells
and macula densa

Question 14

Regulation of the GFR
- Renal autoregulation: ____
- Neural regulation:______
- Hormonal regulation: ______

Answer 14

-by kidneys
- by the ANS
-by angiotensin II and atrial
natriuretic peptide (ANP)

Question 15

• Stretching in the glomerular capillaries or pressure and
  flow monitored in the JGA, causes
• afferent arterioles to constrict (decreasing
  blood flow and GFR) or dilate (increasing
  blood flow and GFR) appropriately

Answer 15

Renal autoregulation of GFR occurs by two means:

Question 16

sympathetic ANS fibers
cause vasoconstriction

Answer 16

Neural regulation:

Question 17

Two hormones contribute to regulation of GFR

Answer 17

Angiotensin II, and ANP (released under high bp)

Question 18

vasoconstrictor of both afferent and
efferent arterioles (reduces GFR)

Answer 18

Angiotensin II:

Question 19

_____ causes the
glomerulus to relax,
increasing the surface
area for filtration

Answer 19

atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP). (released under high
bp)

Question 20

is the process of returning important
substances (“good stuff”) from the filtrate back into the renal
interstitium, then into the renal blood vessels… and
ultimately back into the body.

Answer 20

Tubular reabsorption

Question 21

The “good stuff” being reabsorbed is ________, and any small proteins that might have
inadvertently escaped from the blood into the filtrate.

Answer 21

glucose, electrolytes, vitamins, water,
amino acids

Question 22

______ percent of the glomerular filtrate is reabsorbed
(most of it in the PCT)

Answer 22

99

Question 23

Reabsorption into the interstitium has two routes:

Answer 23

Paracellular reabsorption and transcellular reabsorption

Question 24

passive process between
adjacent tubule
cells

Answer 24

paracellular reabsorption

Question 25

through an individual cell.

Answer 25

transcellular reabsorption

Question 26

Tubular Reabsorption can be active or passive?

Answer 26

both

Question 27

transported substances include Na+ , Cl– , Ca2+, H+, HCO3– , glucose, HPO42– , SO42– , NH4+, urea, all amino acids, and lactic acid.

Answer 27

actively tubular reabsorption

Question 28

Reabsorption of water can be _____, but it always moves by osmosis down its concentration gradient

Answer 28

obligatory or facultative.

Question 29

water follows solutes as they are reabsorbed (to maintain the osmotic gradient).

Answer 29

obligatory reabsorb.

Question 30

variable water reabsorption, adapted to specific needs. - regulated by ADH and aldosterone - through principal cells

Answer 30

facultative reabsorb.

Question 31

To control water reabsorption, the kidney establishes a ______ flow between the filtrate in the limbs of the Loops of Henle and the blood in the peritubular capillaries and Vasa Recta.

Answer 31

countercurrent (a current flowing in an opposite direction to another.)

Question 32

Two types of countercurrent mechanisms exist in the kidneys: countercurrent ______ and countercurrent _______.

Answer 32

multiplication. exchange

Question 33

increasing osmotic gradient is formed in the interstitial fluid of the renal medulla as a result of countercurrent flow

Answer 33

Countercurrent multiplication:

Question 34

passive exchange of solutes and water between the blood and interstitial fluid of the renal medulla as a result of countercurrent flow. - This provides oxygen and nutrients to the renal medulla without washing out or diminishing the gradient.

Answer 34

Countercurrent exchange:

Question 35

_____ mechanisms contribute to reabsorption of fluid and electrolytes and the formation of concentrated urine

Answer 35

both

Question 36

is the movement of substances from the capillaries which surround the nephron into the filtrate

Answer 36

tubular secretion

Question 37

tubular secretion occurs by

Answer 37

active transport

Question 38

The process of tubular secretion controls

Answer 38

pH

Question 39

Hydrogen and ammonium ions are secreted to decrease _____ in the body, (bicarbonate is conserved.)

Answer 39

acidity

Question 40

Secreted substances include ______, and some drugs; amount often controlled

Answer 40

H+, K+, NH4+

Question 41

Maintaining body’s proper pH primarily uses the lungs and kidneys. - lungs eliminate _____. ◦ Provides a ____ response (minutes) decreasing H+ - kidneys eliminate ____ and ____ions and conserve bicarbonate. ◦ This is a ___ response (hours-days)

Answer 41

CO2. rapid. H+. NH4+ . slower

Question 42

Five hormones affect the extent of Na+, Cl–, Ca2+, and water reabsorption as well as K+ secretion by the renal tubules. These hormones, all of which are key to maintaining homeostasis of not only renal blood flow and B.P., but systemic blood flow and B.P., are

Answer 42

I angiotensin II l antidiuretic hormone (ADH) l aldosterone l atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) l parathyroid hormone (PTH)

Question 43

due to high blood pressure l increases GFR l dilutes the medulla l decreases Na+ reabsorption l reduces RAAS (renin+aldosterone)

Answer 43

ANP

Question 44

due to hypertonicity §increases permeability to water in the collecting duct and DCT, reabsorbing it. Hormones and Homeostasis

Answer 44

ADH

Question 45

Low blood volume and blood pressure, or sympathetic NS the cells of the JGA secrete

Answer 45

renin

Question 46

_____ changes angiotensinogen to angiotensin I

Answer 46

renin

Question 47

Angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) converts angiotensin I to angiotensin II, which causes:

Answer 47

1. Vasoconstriction decreasing GFR. 2. increasing reabsorption of water and electrolytes in the PCT. 3. the adrenal cortex to release aldosterone

Question 48

stimulates the principal cells in the collecting ducts to reabsorb more Na+ and Cl– and secrete more K+. §reabsorbing more Na+ and Cl– causes more water to be reabsorbed, which increases blood volume and blood pressure

Answer 48

aldosterone