fluids and urine (ew) Flashcards by Sarah Salinas

The fluid compartments of the body are all contained in either the _____ or the ______

intracellular compartment, extracellular compartment

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:all fluid contained inside cells
* ____ of all body fluids

Intracellular fluid. 2/3

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:all fluid outside cells.
* ____ of all body fluids

Extracellular fluid. 1/3

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Extracellular fluid is found in a number of sub compartments

Interstitial fluid and intravascular space

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between the cells of the body
◦ Most extracellular fluid (¾)

interstitial fluid

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mostly blood plasma but also lymph, CSF, synovial fluid, aqueous humor, endolymph and perilymph, pleural fluid, and pericardial fluid

Intravascular fluid space

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Babies are more “wet” than adults, with water composing about ___% of total body mass. Women is ____% and Men is ___%

1. 60

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Fluid moves between compartments based on

Osmotic pressure and hydrostatic pressure

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occurs when excess interstitial fluid collects, causing swelling in the tissues.

Edema

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Occurs when filtration from intravascular space (primarily capillaries) exceeds reabsorption

Edema

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Edema causes include:

◦ increased blood pressure
◦ increased capillary permeability
◦ decreased concentration of plasma proteins
◦ obstruction in lymphatic drainage

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Normal fluid intake is through:
*ingestion: ___ (2300mL/day)
* Metabolic synthesis of water. (cellular respiration and dehydration synthesis) _____ (200mL/day)

most. minimal

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Normal fluid loss is through:
* The kidneys: ____ (1500mL/day)
* Evaporation from the skin: ____ (600mL/day)
* Respiratory tract:_____ (300mL/day)
* In the feces:____ (100mL/day)

major. minor. minor. minimal

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Fluid intake and output (I & O) are balanced through regulation of

 Water loss in Kidneys
 Water ingestion (thirst)
 Water loss through Feces and Sweat in extreme cases

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 A number of feedback mechanism contribute to balance of daily fluid input and output
 Similar mechanisms affect both ____ (ingestion) and _____ output

thirst. kidney

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Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) (vasopressin): directly regulates

water loss in the kidneys

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Increases permeability of the collecting ducts to water producing a concentrated urine

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
(vasopressin)

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Na+ and Cl– balance is regulated by 3 hormones (renal absorption and excretion)

Aldosterone
Atrial natriuetic peptide
Angiotensin II

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______promote urinary Na+ and Cl– reabsorption (and water by osmosis) when dehydrated

Angiotensin II and aldosterone

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_______ promotes excretion of Na+ and Cl– followed by water excretion to decrease blood volume

Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP)

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_____ form when electrolytes dissolve and dissociate

ions

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____ are positively charged and ____ are negatively charged

Cations. Anions

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Ions (electrolytes) have 4 general functions

Control osmosis of water between body fluid compartments
Help maintain the acid-base balance
Carry electrical current
Serve as cofactors

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The term “milliequivalent” (mEq) is used to measure the ______ of solutes:

osmotic contribution

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A major homeostatic challenge is keeping the ________ of body fluids at an appropriate level

H+ concentration (pH)

Because metabolic reactions often produce a huge excess of H+, failure of homeostatic mechanisms would cause the pH of body fluids to quickly ______

fall to a lethal level

In a healthy person, _____, the _____, and the _____ help maintain the pH of systemic arterial blood between 7.35 and 7.45

chemical buffers. lungs. kidneys

: act quickly to temporarily bind excess H+ or OH -, sequestering (hiding) the highly reactive ions until they can be permanently excreted

Buffer systems

By increasing the rate and depth of _____, CO2 is exhaled or retained, and blood pH is corrected

breathing

_____ excretion/reabsorption of acidic ions (H+ and NH4+) or basic ions (HCO3 – or OH -) is the slowest mechanism; but is the only way to eliminate acids other than carbonic acid

Kidney.

______ occurs whenever CO2 accumulates because of hypoventilation. (a condition that occurs when your lungs can't remove all of the carbon dioxide produced by your body)

Respiratory acidosis

____occurs whenever non-respiratory acids accumulate, as seen in diabetic ketoacidosis or aspirin overdose. (The buildup of acid in the body due to kidney disease or kidney failure)

Metabolic acidosis

______ occurs whenever too much CO2 is lost because of hyperventilation

Respiratory alkalosis

occurs whenever non-respiratory acids are lost, which happens infrequently

Metabolic alkalosis

Structures of the urinary system

kidneys, ureters, bladder and urethra

function or urinary sys is that it maintains homeostasis of:

blood volume, pressure, pH, and electrolytes (Na+, K+, Ca 2+, Cl-, HPO4-3, Mg2+, HCO3-)

Another function is:

Reabsorbing glucose, excretes wastes, and releases certain hormones like renin and EPO

bean-shaped organs located just above the waist between the peritoneum and the posterior wall of the abdomen (in the retroperitoneal space).

kidneys

kidneys are partially protected by the ______ pairs of ribs.

eleventh and twelfth

Because of the liver, the right kidney is slightly _____ than the left.

lower

(approximately 25 cm long) originates near the hilum of each kidney and travels to the base of the bladder. Renal blood vessels also emerge from the hilum

ureter

the duct by which urine passes from the kidney to the bladder

ureter

allows urine to be excreted from the bladder

urethra

the filtration to form urine. receives most of the blood flow, & is mostly concerned with reabsorbing filtered material

renal cortex

collects and excretes urine. a highly metabolically active area, which serves to concentrate the urine.

medulla

8 to 18 conical subdivisions within the medulla contain the kidney’s secreting apparatus and tubules. is responsible for filtering the blood and removing waste products from the body

renal pyramids

lines of blood vessels and fibrous material which anchor the cortex.

renal columns

Renal papilla: medullary pyramids empty urine into

minor and major calyces (cuplike structures)

Once the filtrate enters the calyces, it is _____ because no further reabsorption occurs.

urine

Urine drains from the major calyces into the _____ and then out through the ureter

renal pelvis

contains part of the renal pelvis, the calyces, and branches of the renal blood vessels and nerves

renal sinus

: transport urine from the renal pelvis of the kidneys to the bladder using _________. No anatomical valve between the ureter and the bladder.

ureters: . peristaltic waves, hydrostatic pressure and gravity

hollow, distensible muscular organ, capacity that averages 700-800mL

urinary bladder

emptying the bladder.

micturition or urination:

◦ When volume increases, ______ send signals to a micturition center in the _____ triggering a spinal reflex – the micturition reflex. ◦ In early childhood, we learn to initiate and stop the reflex voluntarily.

stretch receptors. spinal cord.

: tube from the internal urethral orifice in the bladder floor to the exterior. * In males, it is also used to discharge semen.

urethra

the _____ and ______ enter the kidney (the parenchyma) at the hilum

renal artery and renal vein

Blood flow path:

renal artery afferent arterioles glomerular cappilaries efferent arterioles pertibular capillaries renal vein

is the functional unit of the kidney.

nepheron

what makes up the nepheron and what do they do

blood vessels and tubules. collect filtrate from blood and turn it into urine

Each nephron receives one _____, Leading to a ball-shaped capillary network called the ______.

afferent arteriole. glomerulus

The glomerular capillaries then reunite to form an ______ that carries blood out of the glomerulus.

efferent arteriole

Renal Corpuscle consists of two structures:

glomerular capillaries and glomerular capsule

(Bowman’s capsule) – a double- walled epithelial cup that surrounds the glomerular capillaries

glomerular capsule

: modified simple squamous epithelial cells called podocytes. * wrap around the single layer of endothelial cells of the glomerular capillaries * inner wall of capsule. * Fenestrations, pores

visceral layer

simple squamous epithelium * outer wall of capsule.

Parietal layer

act as a filtration (dialysis) membrane

festrations (pores)

Filtered fluid passes into the renal tubule, which has three main sections:

* the proximal convoluted tubule (PCT) * the loop of Henle * the distal convoluted tubule (DCT)

distal convoluted tubules of several nephrons empty into a single

collecting duct

Collecting ducts Unite into several hundred large _______ which drain into the minor calyces, major calyces, renal pelvis, and ureters.

papillary ducts

_______ descends into the renal medulla

Descending limb of the loop of Henle:

The loop of henle turns and returns to the renal cortex as _______

the ascending limb

the descending limb is made out of:

simple squamous epithelium

◦ “thin” (composed of a simple squamous epithelium) or ◦ “thick” (composed of simple cuboidal to low columnar cells). ◦ Some nephrons contain both thick and thin ascending limbs.

The ascending limb:

Two populations of Nephrons: __________. length of the loop of Henle thin segments in the ascending limb,

cortical and juxtamedullary

make up about 80–85% of the 1 million microscopic nephrons that comprise each kidney.

Cortical nephrons

cortical nepherons * Renal corpuscles far from medulla * short loops of Henle that penetrate only a _____ into the medulla. * ascending limbs of loops of Henle consist of only a _____ segment, lacking any ____ portions. * receive their blood supply from peritubular capillaries that arise from ______ arterioles.

small way. thick. thin. efferent

The other 15–20% of the nephrons are

juxtamedullary nephrons

* juxtamedullary nephrons renal corpuscles lie deep in the cortex, close to the _____. * long loops of Henle that extend into the _____ of the medulla. * The ascending limbs of loops of Henle consist of _____ segments. * receive their blood supply from the vasa recta that arise from _____ capillaries

medulla. deepest region. both thin and thick. peritubular

_____ nephrons perform excretory and regulatory functions of a kidney

cortical

_____ nephron is involved in concentrating or diluting urea.

juxtamedullary

The production of urine involves:

Glomerular filtration, Tubular reabsorption, and Tubular secretion

fluid filtered from the blood to the glomerulus ◦ glomerular filtration rate (GFR): amount of filtrate formed in all the renal corpuscles of both kidneys each minute

Glomerular filtration

returning important substances from the filtrate back to the body

Tubular reabsorption:

the movement of waste materials from the body to the filtrate.

Tubular secretion

Glomerular filtration is the formation of a protein-free filtrate (ultrafiltrate) of ____ across the glomerular membrane

plasma

main force that “pushes” water and solutes through the filtration membrane (promotes filtration). *Primary determinant of amount of filtrate

Blood hydrostatic pressure

rom the capsular space (opposes filtration)

Capsular hydrostatic pressure

osmotic pressure of plasma proteins “pulling” on water (opposes filtration).

Blood osmotic (oncotic) pressure:

Final part of the ascending limb of the loop of Henle contacts the afferent arteriole for that renal corpuscle. * Columnar tubule cells in this region are the _____

macula densa

Wall of the afferent arteriole contains ______ (JG) cells: modified smooth muscle fibers

juxtaglomerular

Juxtaglomerular apparatus (JGA):

juxtaglomerular cells and macula densa

Regulation of the GFR (Glomerular filtration)

* Renal autoregulation: by kidneys * Neural regulation: by the ANS * Hormonal regulation: by angiotensin II and atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP)

______ of GFR occurs by two means: * Stretching in the glomerular capillaries or pressure and flow monitored in the JGA, causes * afferent arterioles to constrict (decreasing blood flow and GFR) or dilate (increasing blood flow and GFR) appropriately

Renal autoregulation

: sympathetic ANS fibers cause vasoconstriction

Neural regulation

Two hormones contribute to regulation of GFR : * vasoconstrictor of both afferent and efferent arterioles (reduces GFR). :* ANP causes the glomerulus to relax increasing the surface area for filtration.

Angiotensin II: Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP). (released under high bp):