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A&P 2 > fluids and urine (ew) > Flashcards

fluids and urine (ew) Flashcards

1
Q

The fluid compartments of the body are all contained in either the _____ or the ______

A

intracellular compartment, extracellular compartment

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2
Q

:all fluid contained inside cells
* ____ of all body fluids

A

Intracellular fluid. 2/3

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3
Q

:all fluid outside cells.
* ____ of all body fluids

A

Extracellular fluid. 1/3

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4
Q

Extracellular fluid is found in a number of sub compartments

A

Interstitial fluid and intravascular space

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5
Q

between the cells of the body
◦ Most extracellular fluid (¾)

A

interstitial fluid

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6
Q

mostly blood plasma but also lymph, CSF, synovial fluid, aqueous humor, endolymph and perilymph, pleural fluid, and pericardial fluid

A

Intravascular fluid space

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7
Q

Babies are more “wet” than adults, with water composing about ___% of total body mass. Women is ____% and Men is ___%

A
    1. 60
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8
Q

Fluid moves between compartments based on

A

Osmotic pressure and hydrostatic pressure

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9
Q

occurs when excess interstitial fluid collects, causing swelling in the tissues.

A

Edema

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10
Q

Occurs when filtration from intravascular space (primarily capillaries) exceeds reabsorption

A

Edema

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11
Q

Edema causes include:

A

◦ increased blood pressure
◦ increased capillary permeability
◦ decreased concentration of plasma proteins
◦ obstruction in lymphatic drainage

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12
Q

Normal fluid intake is through:
*ingestion: ___ (2300mL/day)
* Metabolic synthesis of water. (cellular respiration and dehydration synthesis) _____ (200mL/day)

A

most. minimal

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13
Q

Normal fluid loss is through:
* The kidneys: ____ (1500mL/day)
* Evaporation from the skin: ____ (600mL/day)
* Respiratory tract:_____ (300mL/day)
* In the feces:____ (100mL/day)

A

major. minor. minor. minimal

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14
Q

Fluid intake and output (I & O) are balanced through regulation of

A

 Water loss in Kidneys
 Water ingestion (thirst)
 Water loss through Feces and Sweat in extreme cases

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15
Q

 A number of feedback mechanism contribute to balance of daily fluid input and output
 Similar mechanisms affect both ____ (ingestion) and _____ output

A

thirst. kidney

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16
Q

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) (vasopressin): directly regulates

A

water loss in the kidneys

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17
Q

Increases permeability of the collecting ducts to water producing a concentrated urine

A

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
(vasopressin)

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18
Q

Na+ and Cl– balance is regulated by 3 hormones (renal absorption and excretion)

A
  • Aldosterone
  • Atrial natriuetic peptide
  • Angiotensin II
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19
Q

______promote urinary Na+ and Cl– reabsorption (and water by osmosis) when dehydrated

A

Angiotensin II and aldosterone

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20
Q

_______ promotes excretion of Na+ and Cl– followed by water excretion to decrease blood volume

A

Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP)

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21
Q

_____ form when electrolytes dissolve and dissociate

A

ions

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22
Q

____ are positively charged and ____ are negatively charged

A

Cations. Anions

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23
Q

Ions (electrolytes) have 4 general functions

A
  • Control osmosis of water between body fluid compartments
  • Help maintain the acid-base balance
  • Carry electrical current
  • Serve as cofactors
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24
Q

The term “milliequivalent” (mEq) is used to measure the ______ of solutes:

A

osmotic contribution

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25
Q

A major homeostatic challenge is keeping the ________ of body fluids at an appropriate level

A

H+ concentration (pH)

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26
Q

Because metabolic reactions often produce a huge excess of H+, failure of homeostatic mechanisms would cause the pH of body fluids to quickly ______

A

fall to a lethal level

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27
Q

In a healthy person, _____, the _____, and the _____ help maintain the pH of systemic arterial blood between 7.35 and 7.45

A

chemical buffers. lungs. kidneys

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28
Q

: act quickly to temporarily bind excess
H+ or OH -, sequestering (hiding) the highly reactive ions
until they can be permanently excreted

A

Buffer systems

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29
Q

By increasing the rate and depth of _____, CO2 is exhaled or retained, and blood pH is corrected

A

breathing

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30
Q

_____ excretion/reabsorption of acidic ions (H+ and NH4+) or basic ions (HCO3 – or OH -) is the slowest mechanism; but is the only way to eliminate acids other than carbonic acid

A

Kidney.

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31
Q

______ occurs whenever CO2 accumulates
because of hypoventilation. (a condition that occurs when your lungs can’t remove all of the carbon dioxide produced by your body)

A

Respiratory acidosis

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32
Q

____occurs whenever non-respiratory acids accumulate, as seen in diabetic ketoacidosis or aspirin overdose. (The buildup of acid in the body due to kidney disease or kidney failure)

A

Metabolic acidosis

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33
Q

______ occurs whenever too much CO2
is lost because of hyperventilation

A

Respiratory alkalosis

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34
Q

occurs whenever non-respiratory acids are lost, which happens infrequently

A

Metabolic alkalosis

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35
Q

Structures of the urinary system

A

kidneys, ureters, bladder and urethra

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36
Q

function or urinary sys is that it maintains homeostasis of:

A

blood volume, pressure, pH, and electrolytes (Na+, K+, Ca 2+, Cl-, HPO4-3, Mg2+, HCO3-)

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37
Q

Another function is:

A

Reabsorbing glucose, excretes wastes, and releases certain hormones like renin and EPO

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38
Q

bean-shaped organs located just above the waist between the peritoneum and the posterior wall of the abdomen (in the retroperitoneal space).

A

kidneys

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39
Q

kidneys are partially protected by the ______ pairs of ribs.

A

eleventh and twelfth

40
Q

Because of the liver, the right kidney is
slightly _____ than the left.

A

lower

41
Q

(approximately 25 cm long) originates near the hilum of each kidney and travels to the base of the bladder. Renal blood vessels also emerge from the hilum

A

ureter

42
Q

the duct by which urine passes from the kidney to the bladder

A

ureter

43
Q

allows urine to be excreted from the bladder

A

urethra

44
Q

the filtration to form urine. receives most of the blood flow, & is mostly concerned with reabsorbing filtered material

A

renal cortex

45
Q

collects and excretes urine. a highly metabolically active area, which serves to concentrate the urine.

A

medulla

46
Q

8 to 18 conical subdivisions within the
medulla contain the kidney’s secreting apparatus and tubules. is responsible for filtering the blood and removing waste products from the body

A

renal pyramids

47
Q

lines of blood vessels and fibrous material which anchor the cortex.

A

renal columns

48
Q

Renal papilla: medullary pyramids empty urine into

A

minor and major calyces (cuplike structures)

49
Q

Once the filtrate enters the calyces, it is _____ because no further reabsorption occurs.

A

urine

50
Q

Urine drains from the major calyces into the _____ and then out through the ureter

A

renal pelvis

51
Q

contains part of the renal pelvis, the calyces, and branches of the renal blood vessels and nerves

A

renal sinus

52
Q

: transport urine from the renal pelvis of the kidneys to the bladder using _________.
No anatomical valve between the ureter and the bladder.

A

ureters: . peristaltic waves, hydrostatic pressure and gravity

53
Q

hollow, distensible muscular organ,
capacity that averages 700-800mL

A

urinary bladder

54
Q

emptying the bladder.

A

micturition or urination:

55
Q

◦ When volume increases, ______ send signals to a micturition center in the _____ triggering a spinal reflex – the micturition reflex.
◦ In early childhood, we learn to initiate and stop the reflex voluntarily.

A

stretch receptors. spinal cord.

56
Q

: tube from the internal urethral orifice in the bladder floor to the exterior.
* In males, it is also used to discharge semen.

A

urethra

57
Q

the _____ and ______ enter the kidney (the parenchyma) at the hilum

A

renal artery and renal vein

58
Q

Blood flow path:

A

renal artery
afferent arterioles
glomerular cappilaries
efferent arterioles
pertibular capillaries
renal vein

59
Q

is the functional unit of the kidney.

A

nepheron

60
Q

what makes up the nepheron and what do they do

A

blood vessels and tubules. collect filtrate from blood and turn it into urine

61
Q

Each nephron receives one _____, Leading to a ball-shaped capillary network called the ______.

A

afferent arteriole. glomerulus

62
Q

The glomerular capillaries then reunite to form an ______ that carries blood out of the glomerulus.

A

efferent arteriole

63
Q

Renal Corpuscle consists of two structures:

A

glomerular capillaries and glomerular capsule

64
Q

(Bowman’s capsule) – a double- walled epithelial cup that surrounds the glomerular capillaries

A

glomerular capsule

65
Q

: modified simple squamous epithelial cells called podocytes.
* wrap around the single layer of endothelial cells of the glomerular capillaries
* inner wall of capsule.
* Fenestrations, pores

A

visceral layer

66
Q

simple squamous epithelium
* outer wall of capsule.

A

Parietal layer

67
Q

act as a filtration (dialysis) membrane

A

festrations (pores)

68
Q

Filtered fluid passes into the renal tubule, which has three main sections:

A
  • the proximal convoluted tubule (PCT)
  • the loop of Henle
  • the distal convoluted tubule (DCT)
69
Q

distal convoluted tubules of several nephrons empty into a single

A

collecting duct

70
Q

Collecting ducts Unite into several hundred large _______ which drain into the minor calyces, major calyces, renal pelvis, and ureters.

A

papillary ducts

71
Q

_______ descends into the renal medulla

A

Descending limb of the loop of Henle:

72
Q

The loop of henle turns and returns to the renal cortex as _______

A

the ascending limb

73
Q

the descending limb is made out of:

A

simple squamous epithelium

74
Q

◦ “thin” (composed of a simple squamous epithelium) or
◦ “thick” (composed of simple cuboidal to low columnar cells).
◦ Some nephrons contain both thick and thin ascending limbs.

A

The ascending limb:

75
Q

Two populations of Nephrons: __________. length of the loop of Henle thin segments in the ascending limb,

A

cortical and juxtamedullary

76
Q

make up about 80–85% of the 1 million microscopic nephrons that comprise each kidney.

A

Cortical nephrons

77
Q

cortical nepherons
* Renal corpuscles far from medulla
* short loops of Henle that penetrate only a _____ into the medulla.
* ascending limbs of loops of Henle consist of only a _____ segment, lacking any ____ portions.
* receive their blood supply from peritubular capillaries that arise from ______ arterioles.

A

small way. thick. thin. efferent

78
Q

The other 15–20% of the nephrons are

A

juxtamedullary nephrons

79
Q
  • juxtamedullary nephrons renal corpuscles lie deep in the cortex, close to the _____.
  • long loops of Henle that extend into the _____ of the medulla.
  • The ascending limbs of loops of Henle consist of _____ segments.
  • receive their blood supply from the vasa recta that arise from _____ capillaries
A

medulla. deepest region. both thin and thick. peritubular

80
Q

_____ nephrons perform excretory and regulatory functions of a kidney

A

cortical

81
Q

_____ nephron is involved in concentrating or diluting urea.

A

juxtamedullary

82
Q

The production of urine involves:

A

Glomerular filtration, Tubular reabsorption, and Tubular secretion

83
Q

fluid filtered from the blood to the glomerulus
◦ glomerular filtration rate (GFR): amount of filtrate formed in all the renal corpuscles of both kidneys each minute

A

Glomerular filtration

84
Q

returning important substances from the filtrate back to the body

A

Tubular reabsorption:

85
Q

the movement of waste materials from the body to the filtrate.

A

Tubular secretion

86
Q

Glomerular filtration is the formation of a protein-free filtrate (ultrafiltrate) of ____ across the glomerular membrane

A

plasma

87
Q

main force that “pushes” water and solutes through the filtration membrane (promotes filtration). *Primary determinant of amount of filtrate

A

Blood hydrostatic pressure

88
Q

rom the capsular space (opposes filtration)

A

Capsular hydrostatic pressure

89
Q

osmotic pressure of plasma proteins “pulling” on water (opposes filtration).

A

Blood osmotic (oncotic) pressure:

90
Q

Final part of the ascending limb of the loop of Henle contacts the afferent arteriole for that renal corpuscle.
* Columnar tubule cells in this region are the _____

A

macula densa

91
Q

Wall of the afferent arteriole contains ______ (JG) cells: modified smooth muscle fibers

A

juxtaglomerular

92
Q

Juxtaglomerular apparatus (JGA):

A

juxtaglomerular cells and macula densa

93
Q

Regulation of the GFR (Glomerular filtration)

A
  • Renal autoregulation: by kidneys
  • Neural regulation: by the ANS
  • Hormonal regulation: by angiotensin II and atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP)
94
Q

______ of GFR occurs by two means:
* Stretching in the glomerular capillaries or pressure and flow monitored in the JGA, causes
* afferent arterioles to constrict (decreasing blood flow and GFR) or dilate (increasing blood flow and GFR) appropriately

A

Renal autoregulation

95
Q

: sympathetic ANS fibers cause vasoconstriction

A

Neural regulation

96
Q

Two hormones contribute to regulation of GFR
: * vasoconstrictor of both afferent and
efferent arterioles (reduces GFR).
:* ANP causes the glomerulus to relax
increasing the surface area for filtration.

A

Angiotensin II:
Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP). (released under high bp):

A&P 2 (27 decks)

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