Endocrine System Flashcards
(99 cards)
1
Q
ductless glands that produce hormones that they release into the blood
A
endocrine glands
2
Q
biochemicals that travels in the bloodstream and alters the metabolism of one or more cells
A
hormones
3
Q
chemical substances generally released by the endocrine system to regulate and integrate body functions
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hormones
4
Q
cells with receptor proteins that respond to a particular secreted hormone
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target cells
5
Q
each hormone affects only __________ __________ bearing specific receptor molecules
A
target cells
6
Q
hormones that cannot pass readily through the cell membrane and bind to receptors on the surface of target cells
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water-soluble hormones
7
Q
these hormones are polar molecules
they include protein hormones, peptide hormones, and most amino acid derivative hormones
A
water-soluble hormones
8
Q
hormones that pass through the cell membrane and binds to receptors inside the cell
A
lipid-soluble hormones
9
Q
hormones that are nonpolar and include steroid hormones, thyroid hormones, and fatty acid derivative hormones
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lipid-soluble hormones
10
Q
the endocrine glands are activated by other hormones
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hormonal stimulus
11
Q
the endocrine glands are activated by changing blood levels of certain ions and nutrients
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humoral stimulus
12
Q
the endocrine glands are activated by nerve fibers
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neural stimulus
13
Q
almond-sized part of the brain, produces multiple hormones that influence hormone production in the anterior pituitary gland
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hypothalamus
14
Q
the __________ also produces hormones that are stored in and released by the posterior pituitary gland
A
hypothalamus
15
Q
regulates water levels in the body, blood volume, and blood pressure and is stored in the posterior pituitary gland
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vasopressin or antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
16
Q
affects human behavior and the reproductive system and is stored in the posterior pituitary gland
A
oxytocin
17
Q
controls the anterior pituitary gland in releasing follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH)
A
gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH)
18
Q
controls the anterior pituitary gland in releasing growth hormone (GH)
A
somatocrinin or growth hormone releasing hormone (GHRH)
19
Q
controls the pituitary gland in inhibiting growth hormone (GH) and thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)
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somatostatin or growth hormone inhibiting hormone (GHIH)
20
Q
controls the anterior pituitary gland in releasing adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
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corticotropin releasing hormone (CRH)
21
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controls the anterior pituitary gland in releasing thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) and prolactin
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thyrotropin releasing hormone (TRH)
22
Q
controls the anterior pituitary gland in releasing prolactin
A
prolactin releasing hormone (PRH)
23
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inhibits the release of prolactin from the anterior pituitary gland
A
prolactin inhibiting hormone (PIH) dopamine
24
Q
pea-sized structure attached to a stalk extending from the hypothalamus
A
pituitary gland
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it is commonly referred to as the master gland because of the influence it has on secretion of hormones by other endocrine glands
pituitary gland or hypophysis
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what are the two divisions of the pituitary gland
posterior pituitary gland (neurohypophysis)
anterior pituitary gland (adenohypophysis)
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the neural component of the pituitary gland
posterior pituitary gland (neurohypophysis)
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the glandular component of the pituitary gland
anterior pituitary gland (adenohypophysis)
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hormone that stimulates the kidneys to promote conservation of water, returning water to the blood rather than eliminating water in the urine
antidiuretic hormone (ADH) or vasopressin
[posterior pituitary gland]
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hormone that stimulates mammary glands and uterus for smooth muscle contraction
oxytocin
[posterior pituitary gland]
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promotes growth and development in all tissues by increasing protein synthesis and cell division rates
growth hormone (GH) or somatotropin
[anterior pituitary gland]
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it also regulates metabolism
it plays an important role in regulating blood nutrient levels after a meal and during period of fasting
it also increases glucose synthesis by the liver which releases glucose into the blood
growth hormone (GH) or somatotropin
[anterior pituitary gland]
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hormone that stimulates milk production in mammary glands
it also can enhance progesterone secretion by the ovaries after ovulation
prolactin or mammotropin
[anterior pituitary gland]
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hormone that stimulates the thyroid gland to release its hormones
thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) / thyrotropin / thyrotropic hormone
[anterior pituitary gland]
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hormone that stimulates the parts of the adrenal glands to release its hormones
it increases the secretion of cortisol from the adrenal cortex
adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
[anterior pituitary gland]
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hormone that controls the pigmentation of the skin by stimulating the increased melanin deposition in the skin
melanocyte stimulating hormone (MSH)
[anterior pituitary gland]
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two gonadotropic hormones / gonadotropin
follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)
luteinizing hormone (LH)
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stimulates follicle development in the ovaries of women
as the follicles mature, they produce estrogen, and eggs are readies for ovulation
in men, it stimulates sperm development by the testes
follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)
[anterior pituitary gland]
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triggers ovulation of an egg from the ovary and causes the ruptured follicle to produce progesterone and some estrogen
in men, it stimulates testosterone production by the interstitial cells of the testes
luteinizing hormone
[anterior pituitary gland]
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it is used for severe hypotension as it maintains blood pressure
vasopressin
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a very rare condition that happens when a child or adolescent has high levels of growth hormone in their body, which causes them to grow very tall
gigantism
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a rare condition where the body produces too much growth hormone, causing body tissues and bones to grow more quickly
acromegaly
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it is a butterfly shaped organ located in the lower neck, anterior to the trachea
consists of two lateral lobes connected by an isthmus
thyroid gland
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controls how much energy our body uses or metabolic rate
contains 4 iodine atoms in each molecule
thyroxine (T4)
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these hormones accelerate metabolic process by increasing the level of specific of enzymes that contribute to oxygen consumption and altering the responsiveness of tissues to other hormones
triiodothyronine (T3)
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these also enhance cell replication necessary for normal growth
contains 3 iodine atoms in each molecule
triiodothyronine (T3)
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secreted in response to high plasma level of calcium and it reduces the plasma level of calcium by increasing its deposition in the bones
calcitonin / thyrocalcitonin
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these are 4 structures situated in the neck and embedded in the posterior aspect of the thyroid gland
parathyroid gland
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it is a medicine used to treat an underactive thyroid gland
levothyroxine
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the thyroid gland and parathyroid gland are removed in a procedure called...
thyroidectomy
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hormone that helps the body maintain stable levels of calcium and phosphorus in the blood
parathyroid hormone
52
these glands are a pair of organs attached to the upper portion of each kidney
each of this is two glands with separate independent functions
adrenal gland
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adrenal glands are also called __________ __________, near the superior poles of the kidneys
suprarenal glands
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it is the center portion of the adrenal gland that secretes catecholamines: epinephrine and norepinephrine
adrenal medulla (inner portion)
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this portion of the adrenal gland functions as part of the autonomic nervous system
its secretory products are neurohormones
adrenal medulla
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portion of the adrenal gland that secretes steroid hormones
adrenal cortex (outer portion)
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the secretion of hormones from the adrenal cortex is regulated by the __________ __________ following the negative feedback mechanism
hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis
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__________ __________ make it possible for the body to adapt to stress of all kinds
adrenocortical secretions
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hormones secreted by the adrenal medulla
catecholamines:
epinephrine / adrenaline
norepinephrine / noradrenaline
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they stimulate the fight or flight response needed in certain circumstances
catecholamines
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it causes decreased blood flow to tissues that are not needed in emergency situations such as the GIT, and increased blood flow to tissues that are important for effective fight or flight such as cardiac and skeletal muscle
these hormones also elevate that blood glucose levels and the basal metabolic rate
catecholamines
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hormones that stimulate the kidneys to maintain blood volume and salt balance
mineralocorticoids
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stimulates that kidneys to reabsorb sodium ions and water to the blood while excreting potassium ions
this action conserves water and increases blood pressure, which is especially important in compensating for fluid loss from severe bleeding
it is secreted under low blood pressure conditions
aldosterone
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hormones that are essential in the body's response to prolonged stress
they increase glucose levels in the blood and all tissues as well as glycogen deposits in the cells
glucocorticoids
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these hormones increase lipid catabolism, decrease glucose and amino acid uptake in skeletal muscle, increase gluconeogenesis, and increase protein degradation
glucocorticoids
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mobilizes energy reserves by stimulating the production of glucose from amino acids
cortisol
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this hormone also indirectly constricts blood vessels, which slows blood loss and prevents inflammation after an injury
cortisol
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are steroid hormones produced by the adrenal cortex that exert effect similar to those of the male sex hormones
the adrenal gland may also secrete small amounts of some estrogens, or female sex hormones
adrenal androgens
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it is a generic term for steroid hormones that cause the development of male secondary sex characteristics
androgen
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it is an elongated gland, about the size of a hand. located beneath the stomach and attached to the small intestine
it has endocrine as well as exocrine functions
pancreas
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what are the exocrine functions of the pancreas
secretion of pancreatic enzymes into the gastrointestinal (GI) tract through the pancreatic duct
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what are the endocrine functions of the pancreas
secretion of hormones directly into the bloodstream
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they are collection of cells embedded in the pancreatic tissue
islets of Langerhans / pancreatic islets
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cells that secrete glucagon
alpha cells
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cells that secrete insulin
beta cells
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cells that secrete somatostatin
delta cells
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it functions for glycogenesis in the liver and muscle cells (formation of glycogen from glucose)
insulin
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it lowers blood glucose by permitting entry of glucose into the cells of the liver, muscle and other tissues, where it is stored as glycogen or used for energy
it also promotes the storage of fat in adipose tissue and synthesis of proteins in various body tissues
insulin
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this hormone stimulates glycogenolysis in the liver (breakdown of glycogen to glucose)
glucagon
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it raises the blood glucose by converting glycogen to glucose in the liver
it is secreted by the pancreas in response to a decrease in the level of blood glucose
glucagon
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it exerts a hypoglycemic effect by interfering with release of growth hormone from the pituitary and glucagon from the pancreas, both of which tend to raise blood glucose levels
somatostatin / growth hormone inhibiting hormone (GHIH)
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it is used for beta-blocker poisoning
it is given to unconscious patients with blood sugar below 50
glucagon
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it is a small brain structure in the epithalamus and near the hypothalamus
pineal gland
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this stimulates other endocrine glands to regulate effects of sleep-wake cycles
melatonin
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__________ stimulates melatonin synthesis in the pineal gland, whereas __________ the eye to light inhibits melatonin production
darkness
exposing
86
the levels of melatonin rise and fall during the course of the day and night
peak levels occur at _________ and make us drowsy
the lowest levels occur during __________ around noon
night
daylight
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melatonin can decrease __________ secretion from the hypothalamus and may inhibit reproductive functions
GnRH (gonadotropin releasing hormone)
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it is located in the upper thorax and behind the breast bone
thymus gland
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it stimulates the development of a special group of white blood cells (T lymphocytes) that are important in the immune response
thymosin
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__________ and ___________ are the major cellular components of the adaptive immune response
T cells (thymus cells)
B cells (bone marrow cells)
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___________ are involved in cell mediated immunity
T cells
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__________ are primarily responsible for humoral immunity (antibodies)
B cells
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reproductive organ in females
ovary
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it stimulates uterine lining, hypothalamus, pituitary gland and other tissues to regulate the menstrual cycle and prepares the body for pregnancy
progesterone
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it stimulates uterine lining, hypothalamus, pituitary gland and other tissues to regulate menstrual cycle and maintains secondary sex characteristic in females
estrogen
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the reproductive organ in males
testis
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it is an androgen that stimulates sperm-producing cells, hypothalamus, pituitary gland, and other tissues to promote sperm development and maintains secondary sex characteristics in males
testosterone
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it is made up of a network of glands
these glands produce different types of hormones that evoke specific response in other cells, tissues, and/or organs located throughout the body
endocrine system
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the hormones reach their faraway targets using the __________ __________
blood stream
