Integumentary System

Question 1

forms the external barriers for first line of defense and forms the boundary between the body and the external environment

Answer 1

integumentary system

Question 2

this system consists of the skin, hair, nails, and sweat glands

Answer 2

integumentary system

Question 3

what are the five functions of the integumentary system

Answer 3

protection
sensation
temperature regulation
vitamin D production
excretion

Question 4

this function reduces the negative and harmful effects of ultraviolet light and keeps microorganisms from entering the body and prevents dehydration by reducing water loss

Answer 4

protection

Question 5

this function can detect heat, cold, touch, pressure, pain

Answer 5

sensation

Question 6

this function regulates body temperature through the modulation of blood flow through the skin and the activity of sweat glands

Answer 6

temperature regulation

Question 7

when exposed to ultraviolet light, the skin produces a molecule that can be transformed into the hormone, an important regulator of calcium homeostasis

Answer 7

vitamin D production

Question 8

small amounts of water products are entered through the skin and glands

Answer 8

excretion

Question 9

it is known as the integument for protection from external agents

Answer 9

skin

Question 10

fibers of the skin that attract and bind water and help the skin stay hydrated

Answer 10

collagen fibers

Question 11

superficial outermost portion of the skin consisting of stratified squamous epithelial tissue and is composed of 5 zones or layers called strata

Answer 11

epidermis

Question 12

this skin structure is avascular, having no blood supply of its own

Answer 12

epidermis

Question 13

its living cells recieve nutrients and excrete waste products by the diffusion of substances

Answer 13

epidermis

Question 14

most cells that make up the epidermis

Answer 14

keratinocytes

Question 15

makes the epidermis a tough protective layer

Answer 15

keratinocytes

Question 16

a fibrous structural protein that lines the uppermost layer of the skin

Answer 16

keratin

Question 17

it is hardened in order to make the epidermis tough and to prevent water loss from the body surface

Answer 17

keratin

Question 18

name the epidermis regions from superficial to deep

Answer 18

stratum corneum
stratum lucidum
stratum granulosum
stratum spinosum
stratum basale

Question 19

deepest layer of the epidermis and lies closest to the dermis and contains the only epidermal cells that recieve

Answer 19

stratum basale

Question 20

this is where (epidermis region) cells undergo cell division constantly, and millions of new cells are produced daily

Answer 20

stratum basale

Question 21

which epidermis region can melanocytes be found

Answer 21

stratum basale

Question 22

special cells found in the stratum basale responsible for producing a pigment that ranges in color from yellow to brown to black.

Answer 22

melanocytes

Question 23

group of pigments responsible for skin, hair, and eye color

Answer 23

melanin

Question 24

it provides protection from ultraviolet light from the sun

Answer 24

melanin

Question 25

it arises from the stratum basale's increased cell division rates, pushing these cells and become flattened

Answer 25

stratum spinosum

Question 26

where (epidermis region) are lamellar bodies formed

Answer 26

stratum spinosum

Question 27

impermeable, lipid-containing membrane that serves as a water barrier and is required for correct skin barrier function

Answer 27

lamellar bodies

Question 28

this is where (epidermis region) nucleus and other organelles degenerate, and the keratinocyte dies

Answer 28

stratum granulosum

Question 29

a protein structure found in cytoplasmic granules of the keratinosytes in the stratum granulosum

Answer 29

keratohyalin

Question 30

during skin differentiation, these granules maturate and expand in size

Answer 30

keratohyalin

Question 31

where can keratohyalin be found

Answer 31

stratum granulosum

Question 32

a clear dead keratinocyte layer above the stratum granulosum and is located only where the skin is hairless and extra thick in the palms and soles of the feet

Answer 32

stratum lucidum

Question 33

the most superficial layer that provides structural strength due to keratin within its cells

Answer 33

stratum corneum

Question 34

it is the thick layer of living connective tissue below the epidermis which forms the true skin and is responsible for most of the strength of the skin, containing blood capillaries, nerve endings, sweat glands, hair follicles, lymphatic vessels, and smooth muscles

Answer 34

dermis

Question 35

__________ __________ __________ make the dermis tough

Answer 35

collagen protein fibers

Question 36

__________ and __________ __________ decreases as you age

Answer 36

collagen and elastic fibers

Question 37

what are the dermis regions from superficial to deep

Answer 37

papillary layer reticular layer

Question 38

it is the uneven upper dermal region containing blood vessels that supply the overlying epidermis with oxygen and nutrients, remove waste products, and in regulating body temperature

Answer 38

papillary layer

Question 39

finger like projections from the superior surface of the papillary layer that indents the epidermis above

Answer 39

dermal papillae

Question 40

the __________ __________ under the thick skin of the palms of the hands and soles of the feet lie in parallel, curving ridges. These ridges shape the overlying epidermis into patterns called friction ridges to improve the grip.

Answer 40

dermal papillae

Question 41

It is the deepest skin layer of dense irregular connective tissue, containing blood vessels, sweat glands, oil glands and phagocytes

Answer 41

reticular layer

Question 42

It is a layer of loose subcutaneous adipose tissue found deep into the dermis and is not considered as part of the skin but it anchors the skin to the underlying organs, muscle or bone

Answer 42

hypodermis

Question 43

it serves as a shock absorber and insulates the deeper tissues from extreme temperature changes occuring outside the body

Answer 43

hypodermis

Question 44

it supplies the skin with blood vessels and nerves

Answer 44

hypodermis

Question 45

the __________ has minor protective functions and help keep foreign particles out of the respiratory system

Answer 45

hair

Question 46

__________ is found everywhere on the skin except the palms, soles, the lip, the nipples, parts of the external genitalia, and the distal segments of the fingers and toes

Answer 46

hair

Question 47

part of the hair that protrudes above the surface of the skin

Answer 47

shaft

Question 48

part of the hair that is located below the surface of the skin

Answer 48

root

Question 49

most of the root and shaft are composed of __________

Answer 49

columns of dead keratinized epithelial cells

Question 50

the central axis of the hair and it consists of two or three layers of cells containing soft keratin

Answer 50

medulla

Question 51

surrounds the medulla and forms the bulk of the hair

Answer 51

cortex

Question 52

a single layer of cells also containing hard keratin and covers the cortex

Answer 52

cuticle

Question 53

a tube-like ivagination of the epidermis that extends into the dermis, where hair develops and grows

Answer 53

hair follicle

Question 54

expanded portion at the lower end of the hair root and forms the base of the hair follicle

Answer 54

hair bulb

Question 55

a mass of undifferentiated epithelial cells inside the hair bulb that produces the actual hair

Answer 55

matrix

Question 56

a dermis projection into the hair bulb, within the __________ and blood vessels that provide nourishment to the cells at the matrix

Answer 56

hair papilla

Question 57

smooth muscle extending from the hair follicle to the papillary layer of the dermis during contraction, it pull the follicle into a more perpendicular position

Answer 57

arrector pili muscle

Question 58

these secrete materials onto the skin surface

Answer 58

glands

Question 59

located in the dermis found all over the skin except on the palms of the hands and the soles of the feet

Answer 59

sebaceous oil glands

Question 60

produced by the sebaceous glands which is a mixture of oily substances that lubricates the skin making it soft and moist as well as preventing the hair from becoming brittle it also contains chemicals that kill bacteria

Answer 60

sebum

Question 61

widely distributed in the skin and secretes sweat through the pores to help in thermoregulation

Answer 61

sweat glands

Question 62

most common type of sweat glands and found all over the body's skin but are numerous in the palms of the hands and soles of the feet

Answer 62

eccrine sweat glands

Question 63

confined to the axilla, around the anus, and genital areas becomes active at puberty as a result of sex hormones secretions are odorless when released but are quickly metabolized by bacteria to cause body odor

Answer 63

apocrine sweat glands

Question 64

it is a thin plate consisting layers of dead stratum corneum cells that contain a very hard type of keratin

Answer 64

nail

Question 65

part of the nail that its proximal portion is covered by skin

Answer 65

nail root

Question 66

part of the nail that its distal visible portion of the nail

Answer 66

nail body

Question 67

part of the nail that holds in place the edges of the nail

Answer 67

nail groove

Question 68

the exposed prolongation of the nail fold's stratum corneum that grows onto the nail body

Answer 68

cuticle

Question 69

a thickened region of the stratum corneum found beneath the free edge of the nail body

Answer 69

hyponychium

Question 70

tissue where the nail root extends

Answer 70

nail matrix

Question 71

tissue under the nail and is located between the nail matrix and the hyponychium

Answer 71

nail bed

Question 72

a small part of the nail matrix that is seen through the nail body as whitish crescent-shaped area at the base of the nail

Answer 72

lunula