Skeletal System Flashcards by Kzenia Denise Britania

what are the components of the skeletal system

bones
cartilage
tendons
ligaments

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

it is the framework and gives shape to the body, support, and protects the internal organs

skeleton

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

what are the five functions of the skeletal system

body support
body movement
organ protection
blood cell production
mineral storage

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

[functions]
the skeleton supports the body against gravity
it largely determines the body’s shape

body support

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

[functions]
the skeleton is a system of muscle operated levers

body movement

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

[functions]
the bone is hard and protects the organs it surrounds

organ protection

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

[functions]
many long bones contain cavities filled with red bone marrow, a tissue that produces new red blood cells, white blood cells and platelets
the yellow bone marrow replaces the red bone marrow

blood cell production

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

[functions]
the bone stores calcium and phosphorus
if blood levels of these minerals decrease, the minerals are released from bone into blood

mineral storage

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

__________ __________ is also stored within bone cavities
if needed, the lipids are released into the blood and used by other tissues as a source of energy

adipose tissue

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

__________ are hard connective tissue forming the substance and structure of the skeleton

bones

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

the adult skeleton is composed of __________ bones

206 bones

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

bone destroying cells that break down the bone

osteoclasts

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

is the breakdown of bone and is important for mobilizing crucial calcium and phosphate ions for use in many metabolic processes

bone reabsorption or bone resorption

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

as bone is broken down, the __________ goes back into the blood

calcium

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

bone forming or bone building cells that produces collagen and secrete matrix vesicles that contain calcium and phosphate

osteoblasts

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

the formation of new bone by osteoblasts

ossification

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

it occurs by appositional growth on the surface of previously existing material, either bone or cartilage

ossification

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

__________ is produced by the osteoblasts covers the older bone surface and surrounds the osteoblast cell bodies and extensions
the result is a new layer of bone

bone matrix

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

the living protein matrix laid down by the osteoblasts
forms a living web-like protein matrix

bone collagen

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

provides scaffolding for bone formation
becomes mineralized to make bones strong and appear to be hard

bone collagen

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

mature bone cells accounting for 90% - 95% of bone cells and has a life span of 25 years

osteocytes

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

osteocytes are connected to neighboring osteocytes through their cell extensions: __________ and __________

lacunae
canaliculi

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

spaces between the bone matrix where osteocyte cell bodies are housed

lacunae

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

long narrow spaces where osteocyte cell extensions are housed

canaliculi

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

nutrients and gases pass through the small amount of fluid surrounding the cells in the __________ and __________ or pass from cell to cell through the gap junctions connecting the cell extensions

canaliculi and lacunae

has more bone matrix and less space than spongy bone it is dense and looks smooth and homogenous making a solid outer layer surrounding each bone

compact bone

thin concentric sheets or layers of organized arrangement of collagen fibers approximately 3-7 micrometers thick

lamella

appears porous, has less bone matrix and more space than compact bone it is composed of small needlelike pieces of bone and lots of open space

spongy bone

interconnecting rods or plates of bone found in spongy bone between the __________ are spaces, filled with bone marrow and blood vessels

trabeculae

typically longer than they are wide they have a shaft with heads at both ends

long bones

long bones are mostly __________ bone

compact bone

most of the bones of the __________ are long bones

upper and lower limbs

bone classification that are generally cube shaped the wrist and ankle bones are examples

short bones

short bones contain mostly __________ bone

spongy bone

bones that are thin, flattened, and usually curved

flat bones

flat bones have two thin layers of __________ sandwiching a layer of __________ between them

compact bone spongy bone

give examples of long bones

humerus, femur (any of the bones in the upper or lower limb)

give examples of short bones

wrist and ankle

give examples of flat bones

sternum, skull bones, ribs, shoulder blades

give examples of irregular bones

vertebra, facial bones

[structure of long bones] the functional unit of a long bone it is composed of concentric rings of matrix, which surround a central tunnel and contain osteocytes

osteon

[structure of long bones] contains blood vessels, nerves, and loose connective tissue this is surrounded by lamellae rings of bone matrix

central canal

[structure of long bones] contains blood vessels and delivers blood to the central canals of the osteons these run perpendicular to the length of the bone

volkmann canal

[structure of long bones] the center portion of the bone and is composed primarily of compact bone

diaphysis

[structure of long bones] a hollow center surrounded by the diaphysis it is where red bone marrow and/or yellow bone marrow are stored

medullary cavity

site of blood cell formation

red bone marrow

adipose tissue for storage of fats

yellow bone marrow

[structure of long bones] the ends of the long bones these are mostly spongy bone, with an outer layer of compact bone

epiphysis

[structure of long bones] it is located between the epiphysis and the diaphysis where growth in bone length occurs

epiphyseal plate

[structure of long bones] the ossified epiphyseal plate resulting from the stopping of bone growth in length

epiphyseal line

[structure of long bones] a connective tissue membrane covering the outer surface of a bone the outer fibrous layer is dense irregular collagenous connective tissue that contains blood vessels and nerves

periosteum

[structure of long bones] a single cell layer of connective tissue that lines the internal surfaces of all cavities within bones, such as the medullary cavity of the diaphysis and the smaller cavities in spongy and compact bone

endosteum

these bones have a composition similar to the epiphyses of long bones - compact bone surfaces surrounding a spongy bone center with small spaces that are usually filled with marrow

short and irregular bones

these bones are not elongated and have no diaphyses however, certain regions of these bones, such as the processes, have epiphyseal growth plates and therefore small epiphyses

short and irregular bones

within some of the flat and irregular bones of the skull are air-filled spaces

sinuses

sinuses are lined by __________

mucous membranes

it is the process of replacing old bone with new bone

bone remodeling

__________ remove old bone and __________ deposit new bone

osteoclasts osteoblasts

involved in several important functions, including bone growth, changes in bone shape, adjustment of the bone to stress, bone repair, and body calcium ion regulation

bone remodeling

bones are remodeled continuously in response to changes in two factors

calcium levels in the blood pull of gravity and muscles on the skeleton

bones increase in size only by __________ which is the formation of new bone on the surface of older bone or cartilage

appositional growth

long bones and bony projections increase in length because of growth at the __________

epiphyseal plate

in a long bone, the epiphyseal plate separates the __________ from the ___________

epiphysis from the diaphysis

long bones grow by creating new cartilage via __________ in the epiphyseal plate this is followed by __________ on the surface of the existing cartilage

interstitial growth appositional bone growth

osteoblasts from the periosteum lay down bone beneath it to form a series of ridges with grooves between them, following appositional bone growth

bone width growth

as the osteoblasts continue to produce bone, the ridges __________, and meet to change the groove into a tunnel which is lined by the endosteum

increase in size, extend toward each other

bones located along the central axis of the body

axial skeleton

the axial skeleton consists of _____________

bones of the head, vertebral column, and rib cage

it also protects the brain, the spinal cord, and the vital organs housed within the thorax

axial skeleton

consists of the appendages and the bones that support them

appendicular skeleton

the appendicular skeleton is made up of __________

bones of the upper limbs, lower limbs, and the two girdles: pectoral and pelvic girdle

allows movement of appendages and supports weights in an upright position

appendicular skeleton

this bone is a small u-shaped bone that does not articulate with any other bone, connecting to its neghboring structures by muscles and ligaments

hyoid bone

this bone is located at the midline at the level of C3 providing stability to the adjacent structures and playing a critical role in the movement of the upper airway

hyoid bone

it is a continuous series of vertebrae separated by intervertebral discs

vertebral column

there are usually __________ vertebrae named according to their region: __________

33 vertebrae cervical vertebrae, thoracic vertebrae, lumbar vertebrae, sacral vertebrae, and coccyx

how many bones are there in each region of the vertebrae

cervical vertebrae (7) thoracic vertebrae (12) lumbar vertebrae (5) sacrum (5 fused) and coccyx (4 fused)

this bones is the lower part of your pelvis that is sometimes referred to as your sit bones

ischial tuberosity or ischium

it is the ilium's top border, the largest of the three bones that make up the pelvis

iliac crest

an elastic band of tissue that connects bone to bone and provides stability to the joint

ligament

a band of tissue that connects muscle to bone

tendon

a soft, gel-like padding between bones that protects joints and facilitates movement

cartilage

most bones in the body start out as __________ model, growth in the bone length and and bone repair often involve making __________ first, then replacing it with bone

hyaline cartilage

hyaline cartilage that covers the ends of bones where they come together to form joints, has no blood vessels or nerves

articular cartilage

articulations holds the bones together securely but also give the rigid skeleton mobility

joint

these joint classifications focus on the amount of movement allowed by the joint

synarthroses amphiarthroses diarthroses

immovable joints

synarthroses

slightly movable joints

amphiarthroses

freely movable joints

diarthroses

these joint classifications are according to the major connective tissue type that binds the bones together and whether a fluid-filled joint capsule is present

fibrous joints cartilaginous joints synovial joints

are immovable and slightly movable joints connecting the bones with fibrous tissue

fibrous joints

the best example of these joints are the sutures of the skull the irregular edges of the bones interlock and are bound together by connective tissue fibers allowing no movement to ocur

fibrous joints

are immovable and slightly movable joints connecting the bone ends with cartilage

cartilaginous joints

examples of this joint type are the intervertebral joints of the spinal column, where the articulating bone surfaces are connected by discs of fibrocartilage

cartilaginous joints

freely movable joints with bone ends are separated by a joint cavity containing synovial fluid

synovial joints

most joints that unite the bones of the appendicular skeleton are __________, reflecting the far greater mobility of the appendicular skeleton compared with the axial skeleton

synovial joints

serves as protection and lubrication to the joints it reduces friction during movement

synovial fluid

describes the amount of mobility that can be demonstrated in a given joint

range of motion

it is the amount of movement that can be accomplished by contracting the muscles that normally act across a joint

active range of motion

it is the amount of movement that can be accomplished when the structures that meet at the joint are moved by an outside force

passive range of motion