Cardiovascular System Flashcards
(116 cards)
1
Q
it transports and circulates materials throughout the body and has extensive connection with organ systems that exchange materials with the environment, linking the various tissues of the body
A
cardiovascular or circulatory system
2
Q
pumps blood through a network of blood vessels extending throughout the body
A
heart
3
Q
tubular structures carrying blood to the tissues and organs
A
blood vessels
4
Q
delivers necessary substances and picks up waste products at the body tissues
A
blood
5
Q
it is a pump that keeps the blood moving through the blood vessels
A
heart
6
Q
the heart is located in the __________, a midline portion of the thoracic cavity that also contains the trachea, the esophagus, the thymus, and associated structures
A
mediastinum
7
Q
the adult heart is shaped like a __________ __________ and is approximately the size of a closed fist, with an average mass of 250 grams in females and 300 grams in males
A
blunt cone
8
Q
blunt rounded point, directed to the left with with approximately 2/3 of the heart’s mass lies to the left of the midline of the sternum
A
apex
9
Q
the apex is located deep to the __________ __________ __________, approximately 7-9 cm to the left of the sternum and medial to the midclavicular line
A
fifth intercostal space
10
Q
larger flat part at the opposite end of the apex, located deep to the sternum and extends to the second intercostal space
A
base
11
Q
the base is located deep to the sternum and extends to the __________ __________ ___________
A
second intercostal space
12
Q
contraction of the heart __________ __________ ________, which is responsible for moving blood through the blood vessels
functions
A
generating blood pressure
13
Q
the heart separate the pulmonary and systemic circulations and ensure better oxygenation of the blood flowing to the tissues
functions
A
routing blood
14
Q
the valves of the heart ensure a one way blood flow of blood through the heart and blood vessels
functions
A
ensuring one way blood flow
15
Q
the rate and force of heart contractions change to meet the metabolic needs of the tissues, which vary depending on such conditions as rest, exercise, and changes in body position
functions
A
regulating blood supply
16
Q
a double sac membrane that encloses the heart for protection
A
pericardium or pericardial sac
17
Q
this outer layer is a tough fibrous connective tissue layer that prevents over distention of the heart and anchors it within the mediastinum
A
fibrous pericardium
18
Q
the inner layer of simple squamous epithelium
A
serous pericardium
19
Q
the two parts of the serous pericardium
A
- parietal pericardium
- visceral pericardium
20
Q
the part that lines the fibrous pericardium
A
parietal pericardium
21
Q
also called as the epicardium, the part covering the heart surface
A
visceral pericardium
22
Q
the space between the visceral and parietal pericardia filled with serous pericardial fluid, helping reduce friction as the heart moves within the sac
A
pericardial cavity
23
Q
swelling of pericardium
A
pericarditis
24
Q
heart walls (from superficial to deep)
A
epicardium
myocardium
endocardium
25
the visceral pericardium, it is the superficial layers of thin serous membrane that constitutes the smooth outer surface of the heart
epicardium
26
thick middle layer of the heart and is composed of cardiac muscle cells and is responsible for the heart's ability to contract
myocardium
27
the smooth inner surface of the heart chambers, consists of simple squamous epithelium allowing blood to move easily through the heart and is also covers the surfaces of the heart valves
endocardium
28
inflammation of the heart muscles
myocarditis
29
a life-threatening inflammation of the inner lining of the heart's chambers and valves
caused by infection
endocarditis
30
the __________ are 2 upper chambers in the heart
they are the primer pumps that send blood to the ventricles
atria
31
receives deoxygenated blood from the body and pumps blood to the right ventricle
right atrium
32
receives oxygenated blood from the lings and pumps blood to the left ventricle
left atrium
33
wall of tissue that separates the right and left atria from each other
interatrial septum
34
they are 2 lower chambers in the heart
they pump the blood to the lungs or the rest of the body
ventricles
35
receives deoxygenated blood from the right atrium and pumps blood to the lungs for gas exchange
right ventricle
36
receives oxygenated blood from the left atrium and pumps blood to the body
left ventricle
37
a thick muscular wall that separates the left and right ventricles
interventricular septum
38
located between the atria and the ventricles
these keep the blood from moving back into an atrium when a ventricle contracts
atrioventricular valves
39
located between the right atrium and right ventricle which prevents back flow of blood into the right atrium
tricuspid valve
40
located between the left atrium and ventricles which prevents back flow of blood into the left atrium
bicuspid / mitral valve
41
heart strings, strong connective tissue attaching the papillary muscles (cone shaped muscular pillars) of the ventricles to the cusps of the atrioventricular valves
chordae tendineae
42
located between the ventricles and the major blood vessels leaving the heart
these prevent back flow in the ventricles from the arteries leaving the heart
semilunar valves
43
located between the right ventricle and the pulmonary artery which prevents back flow of blood into the right ventricle
pulmonic valve
44
located between the left ventricle and the aorta which prevents back flow of blood into the left ventricle
aortic valve
45
known as the natural pacemaker of the heart
this region of specialized cardiac muscle cells sets the tempo of the beat with electrical signals
sinoatrial (SA) node
46
each time the cells of the pacemaker fire, they stimulate the cardiac cells of the __________ to contract
atria
47
a cluster of cells situated in the center of the heart between the atria and ventricles that receives the electrical signals from the SA node
atrioventricular (AV) node
48
the __________ __________ then sends the electrical stimulation to the ventricle walls for ventricular contraction
atrioventricular (AV) node
49
the conducting bundle of the heart rising from the atrioventricular node
this bundle passes through a small opening in the fibrous skeleton to reach the interventricular septum, where it divides to form the right and left bundle branches
bundle of His / the atrioventricular bundle
50
the inferior terminal branches of the bundle and are large diameter cardiac muscle fibers
they have fewer myofibrils than most cardiac cells and do not contract forcefully
purkinjie fibers
51
the heart is __________ because it stimulates itself to contract at regular intervals
autorhythmic
52
it records the electrical signals of the heart
electrocardiogram
53
a type of arrhythmia, or irregular heartbeat, that affects your heart's ventricles
defibrillation can restore your heart to its normal rhythm
ventricular fibrillation
54
a single beat of the heart that consists of the events that occur with each contraction and relaxation of the heart muscle
cardiac cycle
55
it refers to the repetitive pumping process that begins with the onset of cardiac muscle contraction and ends with the beginning of the next contraction
cardiac cycle
56
__________ means to contract
__________ means to dilate
systole
diastole
57
events in the cardiac cycle
atrial systole
ventricular systole
ventricular diastole
58
the atria contract, increasing atrial pressure and completing ventricular filling while the ventricles are relaxed and remain in diastole
active ventricular filling
59
ventricular contraction begins with the initial rise in intraventricular pressure closes the AV valves, preventing backflow of blood into the atria
the semilunar valves were closed in the previous ventricular diastole and remain closed during this period
atrial diastole begins, allowing atrial filling
period of isovolumetric contraction
60
continued ventricular contraction causes a greater increase in ventricular pressure, which pushed the blood out of the ventricles causing the semilunar valves to open
the atria remains in diastole, still relaxed and fills with blood
period of ejection
61
the ventricles begin to relax in diastole, blood flowing back from the aorta and pulmonary trunk toward the relaxing ventricles causes the semilunar valves to close
the AV valves remain closed
period of isovolumetric relaxation
62
ventricular relaxation continue, the AV valves open, and blood passively flow from the atria into the relaxing ventricles
the semilunar valves are closed
passive ventricular filling
63
low pitched sound "lubb" occurs at the beginning of ventricular systole and is caused by the vibration of the atrioventricular valves and surrounding fluid as the valves close
first heart sound
64
higher pitched sound "dupp" occurs at the beginning of ventricular diastole and results from closure of the aortic and pulmonary semilunar valves
second heart sound
65
the cardiovascular system comprises of the heart and two sets of blood vessels:
pulmonary vessels and systemic vessels
66
transport blood from the right ventricle, through the lungs, and back to the left atrium
pulmonary vessels
67
transport blood through all parts of the body from the left ventricle back to the right atrium
whereas the heart provides the major force that causes blood to circulate
systemic vessels
68
blood vessels carry blood from the heart to almost all the body tissues and back to the heart
| functions
carries blood
69
nutrients and oxygen diffuse from blood vessels to cells in all areas of the body
waste products and carbon dioxide diffuse from the cells, where they are produced, to blood vessels
| functions
exchanges nutrients, waste products, and gases with tissues
70
hormones, components of the immune system, molecules required for coagulation, enzymes, nutrients, gases, waste products, and other substances are transported in the blood to all areas of the body
| functions
transport substances
71
the circulatory system and the heart work together to maintain blood pressure within a normal range of values
| functions
helps regulate blood pressure
72
the circulatory system directs blood to tissues when increased blood flow is required to maintain homeostasis
| functions
directs blood flow to tissues
73
innermost layer which consists of endothelium, a delicate connective tissue, and a fenestrated layer of elastic fibers
tunics intima
74
middle layer which consists of smooth muscle cells arranged circularly around the blood vessel
tunica media
75
the amount of blood flowing through a blood vessel can be regulated by contraction or relaxation of the smooth muscle in the __________ __________
tunica media
76
outermost layer which is composed of connective tissue, which varies from dense connective tissue near the tunica media to loose connective tissue that merges with the connective tissue surrounding the blood vessels
tunica externa / tunica adventitia
77
the narrowing of blood vessels that occurs when smooth muscle in the blood vessel walls contract
vasoconstriction
78
the widening of blood vessels when the smooth muscles of the blood vessels relax
vasodilation
79
are large vessels that conduct oxygenated blood away from the heart
arteries
80
are smaller vessels that branch out from the arteries and carries oxygenated blood to the capillaries
arterioles
81
delivers oxygenated blood to head and neck
common carotid artery
82
carries oxygenated blood away from the heart, largest artery in the body
aorta
83
delivers oxygenated blood to lower extremities, digestive tract, and pelvic organs
abdominal aorta
84
supply oxygenated blood to various structures between the aortic arch and the diaphragm
thoracic aorta
85
carry deoxygenated blood from the heart to the lungs
pulmonary arteries
86
deliver oxygenated blood to the heart muscles
coronary arteries
87
delivers oxygenated blood to the arm
brachial artery, axillary artery, subclavian artery
88
delivers oxygenated blood to the kidney
renal artery
89
delivers oxygenated blood to thigh and inner knee
femoral artery
90
large vessels that carry deoxygenated blood back to the heart
have diameters greater than 2 mm contain valves
veins
91
smallest vessels collecting deoxygenated blood from the capillaries
venules
92
receives deoxygenated blood draining from head and neck
jugular vein
93
carries deoxygenated blood to the heart, largest veins in the body
vena cava
94
receives deoxygenated blood from all areas above the diaphragm
superior vena cava
95
receives deoxygenated blood from all regions below the diaphragm
inferior vena cava
96
delivers oxygenated blood from the lungs to the heart
pulmonary veins
97
carry deoxygenated blood from the heart mucles
cardiac veins
98
carry deoxygenated blood from the upper limbs
brachial vein, axillary vein, subclavian vein
99
carries deoxygenated blood from the gastrointestinal tract, gallbladder, pancreas and spleen to the liver
hepatic portal vein
100
receives deoxygenated blood from thigh and inner knee
femoral vein
101
the tiniest blood vessels where the arterioles diverge
capillaries
102
water and dissolved substances like oxygen, carbon dioxide and glucose diffuse between each capillary and the interstitial fluid
capillary
103
fluid that surrounds the body's cells
this fluid exchanges materials with the tissue cells
interstitial fluid
104
carries blood to the lungs for gas exchange and return it to the heart
pulmonary circulation
105
it is the system of blood vessels that carries blood from the right ventricle of the heart to the lungs and back to the left atrium of the heart
pulmonary circulation
106
the heart pumps blood from the right ventricle into a short vessel called the ___________ __________
it then branches into the right and left pulmonary arteries, one transporting blood to each lung
pulmonary trunk
107
a pressure wave that travels rapidly along the arteries as blood is ejected from the left ventricle into the aorta
pulse
108
what is the clinical importance of the pulse
determine the heart rate and rhythm
109
blood flows in long, smooth walled tubes as if it were composed of large number of concentric layers
laminar flow
110
is caused by numerous small currents flowing cross or obliquely to the long axis of the vessel, resulting in flowing whorls and eddy currents
turbulent flow
111
is a measure of a liquid's resistant to flow
viscosity
112
as the viscosity of liquid increases, the pressure required to force it to flow also __________
increases
113
it is the tendency for blood vessel volume to increase as blood pressure increases
the more easily the vessel wall stretches, the greater is its compliance
vascular compliance
114
it is a measure of the force of blood exerts against blood vessel walls
blood pressure (BP)
115
pressure in your arteries when your heart beats
systolic
116
pressure in your arteries when your heart rest between beats
diastolic
