Urinary System

Question 1

filters blood, eliminates nitrogenous wastes, and helps maintain the ion concentration of body fluids

Answer 1

urinary system

Question 2

the major excretory organs in the urinary system

Answer 2

kidneys

Question 3

bean shaped organs that lie against the dorsal body wall in a retroperitoneal position (behind the parietal peritoneum) in the superior lumbar region
they extend from the T12 to the L3 vertebra; thus they receive some protection from the lower part of the rib cage

Answer 3

kidneys

Question 4

the kidneys filter blood and produce a large volume of filtrate
large molecules such as proteins, and blood cells remain the blood, whereas smaller molecules and ions enter the filtrate

Answer 4

excretion

Question 5

as the filtrate flows through the kidneys, it is slowly modified until it is converted to ____________

Answer 5

urine

Question 6

the kidneys play a major role in controlling the extracellular fluid volume in the body by producing either a large volume of dilute urine or a small volume of concentrated urine, depending on the hydration level of the body

Answer 6

regulation of blood volume and pressure

Question 7

the kidneys help regulate the concentration of primarily the major ions like sodium, potassium, calcium, and bicarbonate
they also regulate other solute concentration such as urea

Answer 7

regulation of the concentration of solutes in the blood

Question 8

the kidneys secrete variable amounts of hydrogen to help regulate the extracellular fluid acidity

Answer 8

regulation of extracellular fluid pH

Question 9

the kidneys secrete the hormone ____________, which stimulates the synthesis of red blood cells in red bone marrow

Answer 9

erythropoietin

Question 10

the kidneys play an important role in controlling blood levels of calcium by activating vitamin D

Answer 10

regulation of vitamin D synthesis

Question 11

outer layer of connective tissue that surrounds each kidney
a thick layer of adipose tissue also cushions and protects the kidneys

Answer 11

renal capsule

Question 12

a thin layer of connective tissue that surrounds the adipose tissue and helps anchor the kidneys to the abdominal wall

Answer 12

renal fascia

Question 13

it is the medial indentation of the kidney where several structures including ureters, the renal blood vessels, and nerves, enter or exit the kidney

Answer 13

renal hilum

Question 14

is just past the hilum of the kidney and is an internal space filled with loose connective tissue and adipose tissue, along with part of the renal pelvis, the calyces, and branches of blood vessels and nerves

Answer 14

renal sinus

Question 15

outer region of the kidney where its blood-filtering structures are located

Answer 15

renal cortex

Question 16

inner region of the kidney that surrounds the renal sinus

Answer 16

renal medulla

Question 17

triangular shaped regions in the renal medulla which are a collection of tubes and ducts that transport fluid throughout the kidney and modify it into urine
once urine is formed, ducts in these transport it toward the renal sinus

Answer 17

renal pyramids

Question 18

the tips of the pyramids that point toward the renal sinus

Answer 18

renal papillae

Question 19

bases of the medullary pyramids that project into the cortex

Answer 19

medullary rays

Question 20

extensions of the cortex that separates the medullary pyramids

Answer 20

renal columns

Question 21

cup shaped areas that enclose the medullary pyramids and collect urine

Answer 21

calyces

Question 22

small funnel shaped chamber surrounding the tip of the renal papilla collecting the formed urine

Answer 22

minor calyx

Question 23

larger funnel shaped chamber where urine from several minor calyces are emptied

Answer 23

major calyx

Question 24

single enlarged funnel shaped chamber that drains urine from the calyces to the ureters
it is embedded in and surrounded by the renal sinus

Answer 24

renal pelvis

Question 25

the structural and functional unit of the kidney that forms the urine

Answer 25

nephron

Question 26

filtration unit of the nephron and receives fluid from the blood

Answer 26

renal corpuscle

Question 27

a cluster of capillaries where waste products are filtered from the blood it is fed and drained by arterioles

Answer 27

glomerulus

Question 28

the afferent arteriole is the feeder vessel and the efferent arteriole receives blood that has passed through the __________

Answer 28

glomerulus

Question 29

thin membranous double walled capsule surrounding the glomerulus through which glomerular filtrate passes

Answer 29

Bowman's capsule

Question 30

a tube that connect from the bowman's capsule where the fluid from the renal corpuscle travels

Answer 30

renal tubule

Question 31

drains filtrate away from the renal corpuscle and returns filtered substances to the blood

Answer 31

proximal convoluted tube (PCT)

Question 32

descends into the renal medulla and returns to the renal cortex, helps conserve water and solutes

Answer 32

loop of Henle

Question 33

passes near the renal corpuscle then leads to a collecting duct that rids the blood of additional wastes

Answer 33

distal convoluted tubule (DCT)

Question 34

receives the fluid from the renal tubules of several nephrons urine from many of these empties into the funnel-like upper portion of the ureter called the renal pelvis

Answer 34

collecting duct

Question 35

a tubule (larger diameter than the collecting ducts) located near the tip of the renal papilla where the collecting ducts merge and empties into the minor calyces

Answer 35

papillary duct

Question 36

two types of nephrons

Answer 36

juxtamedullary nephrons cortical nephrons

Question 37

type of nephrons that have renal corpuscles that are found deep in the cortex near the medulla they have long loops of Henle, which extend deep into the medulla longer loops of Henle are well adapted for water conservation

Answer 37

juxtamedullary nephrons

Question 38

type of nephrons that have renal corpuscles that are distributed throughout the cortex their loops of Henle are shorter and are closer to the outer edge of the cortex

Answer 38

cortical nephrons

Question 39

sometimes the flow of urine is blocked due to stones, infection, congenital abnormalities, or trauma to restore the flow, a __________ __________ can be placed through the skin of the lower back into the kidney as a result, urine will then drain into a small bag connected to the tube

Answer 39

nephrostomy tube

Question 40

a procedure that uses shock waves to break up stones in the kidney and parts of the ureter

Answer 40

lithotripsy

Question 41

a liquid waste formed by the kidneys from cleansing the blood

Answer 41

urine

Question 42

urine consists of excess water, including the protein by-product called __________, and toxic substances

Answer 42

urea

Question 43

color of urine

Answer 43

freshly voided urine is generally clear and pale straw to deep yellow

Question 44

odor of urine

Answer 44

slightly aromatic if allowed to stand, it takes an ammonia odor caused by the action of bacteria on the urine solutes

Question 45

pH of urine

Answer 45

slightly acidic with a pH of 6 changes in the body metabolism and certain foods may cause it to be much more acidic or basic

Question 46

constituents of urine

Answer 46

solutes like sodium, potassium, urea, uric acid, creatinine, ammonia, and bicarbonate ions are normally found in urine depending on the blood composition

Question 47

when the nephrons exchanges materials with the blood along its entire length

Answer 47

urine formation

Question 48

a nonselective, passive process in which fluid and dissolved substances from the blood enter the renal corpuscle forming the fluid filtrate the filtrate is essentially blood plasma without blood proteins both proteins and the blood cells are normally too large to pass through the filtration membrane filtration removes only those substances small enough to fit through the filtration membrane blood pressure drives substances across the capillary walls into the nephron

Answer 48

glomerular filtration

Question 49

water, glucose, amino acids, ions, and other useful substances return to the blood from the filtrate this takes place in the renal tubule and begins as soon as the filtrate enters the proximal convoluted tube some reabsorption is done passively (osmosis) but most depend on active transport requiring ATP and are very selective

Answer 49

tubular reabsorption

Question 50

where drugs, poisons, and hydrogen ions are secreted from the blood into the filtrate to be eliminated in the urine this also takes place in the renal tubule

Answer 50

tubular secretion

Question 51

it is a common type of indwelling catheter it has soft, plastic, or rubber tube that is inserted into the bladder to drain the urine

Answer 51

Foley catheter

Question 52

it provides a continuous infusion of sterile solution into the urinary bladder using a three-way irrigation system with a triple-lumen catheter, to remove loose tissue, clot and mucous shreds from the bladder

Answer 52

continuous bladder irrigation (CBI)

Question 53

a narrow muscular tube where the urine from the kidney drains waves of peristalsis squeeze the fluid along these into the urinary bladder

Answer 53

ureter

Question 54

a smooth, collapsible saclike muscular organ that collects urine and stores it temporarily it is located retroperitoneally in the pelvis just posterior to the pubic symphysis

Answer 54

urinary bladder

Question 55

tube that carries urine by peristalsis from the bladder to the outside of the body

Answer 55

urethra

Question 56

keeps the urethra closed when urine is not being passed

Answer 56

urethral sphincters

Question 57

involuntary sphincter preventing urine leakage from the urinary bladder

Answer 57

internal urethral sphincter

Question 58

voluntary sphincter allowing a person to start or stop the flow of urine through the urethra

Answer 58

external urethral sphincter

Question 59

the act of voiding or urinating to empty the bladder

Answer 59

micturition

Question 60

is a specialized regulatory structure formed by the distal convoluted tubule and the glomerular afferent arteriole it is located next to the glomerulus and its main function is to regulate blood pressure and the filtration rate of the glomerulus

Answer 60

juxtaglomerular apparatus

Question 61

are specialized secretory smooth muscle cells of the juxtaglomerular apparatus that secrete the hormone enzyme renin

Answer 61

juxtaglomerular cells

Question 62

an enzyme secreted by the kidneys that participates in the body's renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) that mediates the volume of extracellular fluid and arterial vasoconstriction to regulate blood pressure also known as angiotensinogenase

Answer 62

renin

Question 63

mechanism initiated under low blood pressure conditions that leads to the release of renin by the juxtaglomerular cells

Answer 63

renin-angiotensin-aldosterone-system (RAAS)

Question 64

renin enters the blood and converts angiotensin, a plasma protein produced by the liver, to __________

Answer 64

angiotensin I

Question 65

an enzyme produced by the lungs that converts angiotensin I to angiotensin II

Answer 65

angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE)

Question 66

it is a potent vasoconstricting hormone that increases peripheral assistance, causing blood pressure to increase

Answer 66

angiotensin II

Question 67

angiotensin II also increases blood pressure by increasing the rate of ____________ ___________ which decreases sodium excretion, the sensation of thirst, salt appetite, and ADH secretion which raises water reabsorption in the kidneys

Answer 67

aldosterone secretion