Respiratory System Flashcards
(121 cards)
1
Q
it is a continuous network of tubules that functions in exchanging gases by acquiring oxygen and removing carbon dioxide from the blood
oxygen is breathed in and carbon dioxide is expelled
A
respiratory system
2
Q
the act of breathing or exchange of gases by diffusion across plasma membranes
A
respiration
3
Q
referred to as the breathing process or the physical movement of air into and out of the respiratory passages and the lungs
A
ventilation
4
Q
the movement of gases between atmospheric air in the lungs and the blood
A
pulmonary respiration or external respiration
5
Q
the movement of gases between the blood and the body’s cells
A
systemic respiration or internal respiration
6
Q
sense of smell is activated when breathing moves air to the odor receptor cells in the nose
A
olfaction
7
Q
movement of air across the vocal cords in the larynx produces sound and makes speech possible
A
sound production
8
Q
breathing volume and rate determine the concentration of carbon dioxide in blood, which affects blood pH
A
regulation of blood pH
9
Q
the lungs produce an enzyme called angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE), which is an important component of blood pressure regulation
A
production of chemical mediators
10
Q
the respiratory system provides __________ against some microorganisms by preventing them from entering the body and removing them from respiratory surfaces
A
protection
11
Q
these are structures from the nose to the smaller air tubes within the lungs and is strictly for ventilation
A
conducting zone
12
Q
these are structures solely within the lungs and includes some specialized small air tubes and the alveoli
gas exchange occurs within this zone
A
respiratory zone
13
Q
the entire __________ __________ __________ is lined with epithelium that secretes mucus
dust and other inhaled particles trapped in the mucus are swept out by waving cilia
coughing brings the mucus up
A
upper respiratory tract
14
Q
forms the external entrance to the nasal cavity, function in breathing, immunity, and the sense of smell
A
nose / nasus
15
Q
the anterior external openings
stiff hairs at the entrance keep dust and other large particles out
A
nares / nostrils
16
Q
open chamber inside the nose and adjusts the temperature and humidity by warming the incoming air to ensure that the respiratory surface of the lungs remain moist
it is also a resonating chamber for speech
A
nasal cavity
17
Q
a wall of tissue that divides the nasal cavity into left and right halves
A
nasal septum
18
Q
a region in the anterior part of the nasal cavity which is lined with mucous membrane consisting of pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium with goblet cells
A
vestibule
19
Q
___________ is secreted by the goblet cells to catch airborne bacteria and dust particles
A
mucus
20
Q
the ___________ on the surface of the mucous membrane sweep the mucus posteriorly to the pharynx, where it is swallowed and eliminated by the acidic secretions of the stomach
A
cilia
21
Q
three lateral bony ridges on each side of the nasal cavity, helping the air churn through the nasal cavity
A
concha / turbinates
22
Q
the common opening of both digestive and the respiratory systems
also known as the throat
A
pharynx
23
Q
receives air from the nasal cavity and receives air, food, and drink from the oral cavity
it is connected to the respiratory system at the larynx and to the digestive system at the esophagus
A
pharynx
24
Q
the three portions of the pharynx
A
nasopharynx
oropharynx
laryngopharynx
25
the most superior portion of the pharynx and is a continuation of the nasal cavity
nasopharynx
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it is continuous with the middle ear through the auditory tubes
it houses the pharyngeal tonsil which helps defend the body against infection
nasopharynx
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air, food, and drink pass through here
the palatine and lingual tonsils are located near this area
the middle portion of the pharynx and a continuation of the nasopharynx
oropharynx
28
it is a continuation of the oropharynx
it spans the posterior length of the larynx, from the most superior larynx structure, the epiglottis, to the esophagus
laryngopharynx
29
food and drink pass through here to the esophagus while most air passes from here into the larynx
laryngopharynx
30
it occurs when the muscles that support the soft tissues in your throat, such as your tongue and soft palate, temporarily relax
when these muscles relax, your airway is narrowed or closed, and breathing is momentarily cut off
obstructive sleep apnea (OSA)
31
the first-line treatment for OSA in adults is __________ __________ __________ __________ therapy
these machines work by delivering pressurized air through a hose and mask into the airway during sleep
these steady flow of air keeps the airway open, improving respiration and sleep quality
continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP)
32
located in front of the laryngopharynx and extends from the base of the tongue to the trachea
larynx / voice box
33
it directs chewed food toward the esophagus and away from the respiratory system
its rigid structure helps keep the airway constantly open, or patent
it is formed by nine rigid cartilage with the largest which is a shield shaped thyroid cartilage
larynx / voice box
34
these are two elastic bands of tissue stretched over the larynx and vibrate as air from the lungs passes through
vibrations of these produce the sounds of speech
vocal cords / vocal folds
35
a slit-like opening between the vocal cords allowing the passage of air
glottis
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a cartilage flap that covers the glottis during swallowing to allow entry of food into the esophagus and not the lungs
it helps protect the lower respiratory tract from foreign materials
epiglottis
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consists of the trachea and the network of air tubes in the lungs
tracheobronchial tree
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the trachea divides to form a ____________, each of which divides to form smaller and smaller ___________
left and right main bronchus
bronchi
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the smaller bronchi continue getting smaller until they terminate in microscopic ___________ and ___________
tubes and sacs
40
the walls of the air passageway are supported by cartilage and smooth muscle as well as lined with ciliated epithelium which functions as a ______________ ___________, trapping debris from the air and moving it to the larynx
mucus-cilia escalator
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it is an air-cleaning tube just beneath the larynx and allows air to flow into the lungs
it is lined by a mucous membrane with goblet cells that produce mucus
trachea / wind pipe
42
15 to 20 C-shaped of hyaline cartilage that reinforces the trachea
tracheal rings
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these support the trachea and prevent it from collapsing
the cartilages support the anterior and lateral sides of the trachea to protect it while maintaining a patent passageway for air
tracheal rings
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two passageways of air branching out from that trachea and lead to each lung
they branch repeatedly, each branch decreasing in diameter and wall thickness
bronchi / main bronchi / primary bronchi
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a ridge of cartilage located where the trachea divides into two main bronchi
it has a mucous membrane sensitive to mechanical stimulation
if foreign matter is inspired to the level of it, it stimulates a powerful cough reflex
carina
46
arise directly from the main bronchi
in the left lung, there are two of these
in the right lung, there are three of these
each of these supplies its own section of lung lobe
lobar bronchi / secondary bronchi
47
supply subdivisions within each lung lobe, which are called bronchopulmonary segments
as the bronchi become smaller, the cartilage becomes sparse, and smooth muscle becomes abundant
segmental bronchi / tertiary bronchi
48
often an emergency procedure that's performed on people who are unconscious or who can't breathe on their own
it maintains an open airway and helps prevent suffocation
endotracheal intubation (EI)
49
it is a device that supports or takes over the breathing process, pumping air into the lungs
people who stay in intensive care unit (ICU) may need support from this
ventilator
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a surgical procedure in which an incision is made in the front of the neck and a breathing tube is placed into the trachea
tracheotomy
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it connects the thyroid cartilage and cricoid cartilage
cricothyroid ligament
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a procedure that involves placing a tube through an incision in the cricothyroid membrane (CTM) to establish an airway for oxygenation and ventilation
cricothyroidotomy
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a hole that surgeons make through the front of the neck and into the trachea
tracheostomy
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it is a tube constructed of polyvinyl chloride that is placed between the vocal cords through the trachea
it serves to provide oxygen and inhaled gases to the lungs and protects the lungs from contamination, such as gastric contents or blood
endotracheal tube
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the optimal placement for the endotracheal tube is __________ above the carina in adults
2-3 cm
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how do we know if the ETT is in the correct position?
use and end-tidal carbon dioxide detector (i.e., continuous waveform capnography, colorimetric and non-waveform capnography) to evaluate and confirm endotracheal tube position in patients who have adequate tissue perfusion
57
they result from continued branching of the segmental bronchi
they have less cartilage, but their walls contain more smooth muscle and is controlled by the autonomic nervous system
bronchioles / "little bronchi"
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arise from several subdivisions of bronchioles
they have no cartilage in their walls, but the smooth muscle later is prominent
terminal bronchioles
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narrowest airway arising from the terminal bronchioles and are attached to the alveoli
as they divide to form smaller ____________ ___________, the number of attached alveoli increases
respiratory bronchioles
60
occurs when the smooth muscle relaxes, making the diameter larger
bronchodilation
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occurs when the smooth muscle contracts, making the bronchiole diameter smaller
bronchoconstriction
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sympathetic nervous system is responsible for ______________ mediated through its beta-receptors
bronchodilation
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stimulation of the parasympathetic nervous system causes ______________
bronchoconstriction
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a grape-like cluster where gas exchange takes place and is the site of pulmonary respiration
alveoli
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arise from the respiratory bronchioles where the alveoli are attached
alveolar ducts
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chamber that connects and houses two or more alveoli at the end of the alveolar duct
alveolar sacs
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each ____________ is a tiny sac with a wall of epithelial tissue that is one cell layer thick
a vast network of capillaries surrounds each cluster of __________
oxygen and carbon dioxide diffuse through thin walls of these and the neighboring capillaries
alveolus / alveoli
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they are the primary organs of the respiratory system that houses the alveoli
they occupy the thoracic cavity
lungs
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portion of the lungs in contact with the diaphragm
base
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portion of the lungs that extends above the clavicle
apex
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it is an indentation on the medial surface of the lungs
it is where structures, such as the main bronchus, blood vessels, nerves, and lymphatic vessels, enter or exit the lungs
hilum
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a medial indentation in the left lung that provides room from the heart to lie between the lungs
cardiac notch
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sections or divisions of the lung
lobe
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the right lung has __________ lobes
while the left lung has __________ lobes
three
two
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a pair of membranes lining the thoracic cavity and covers the lungs
pleura
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the pleural membranes produce ___________ __________ which allows the lungs to glide easily over the thorax wall during breathing movements and causes the 2 pleural layers to cling together
pleural fluid
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a central region in the thoracic cavity that separates two pleural cavities containing each lung
it houses the heart, trachea, esophagus, and other structures, such as blood vessels and the thymus
mediastinum
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the serous membrane that covers the inner thoracic wall, the superior surface of the diaphragm, and the mediastinum
parietal pleura
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covers the surface of the lung
visceral pleura
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movement of a substance from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration without energy requirements
simple diffusion
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it is the process used for gas exchange in the alveoli and at the body's tissues
simple diffusion
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this exchange takes place during external respiration or pulmonary respiration
inhaled oxygen diffuses down from the alveoli into the blood while carbon dioxide diffuses from the blood to the air in the lungs for exhalation
the heart then pumps the freshly oxygenated blood to the rest of the body
lung gas exchange
83
this exchange takes place during internal respiration or systemic respiration
blood coming from the lungs brings oxygen and diffuses into the body tissues while carbon dioxide diffuses from the tissues back to the blood
the deoxygenated blood is then transported back to the lungs
tissue gas exchange
84
the movement of air into and out of the lungs involve the __________ and __________
muscles of respiration and air pressure gradients
85
the function of the muscles for respiration is to change the __________ of the thoracic cavity, which allows for air to flow
volume
86
air flows from areas of __________ to areas of __________
high pressure
low pressure
87
when air moves into the lungs
the contraction of muscles in diaphragm and rib cage expands chest cavity, lowering pressure in the lungs and draws in air
inhalation / inspiration
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when air flows out of the lungs
the relaxation of muscles in diaphragm and rib cage allows the lungs to recoil, making the pressure inside high and expels air
exhalation / expiration
89
it is the normal volume of air inspired and expired with each breath
tidal volume
90
at rest, quiet breathing results in a tidal volume of approximately _____________
500 mL
91
it is the amount of air that can be inspired forcefully after a normal inspiration, approximately 3000 mL at rest
inspiratory reserve volume
92
it is the amount of air that can be forcefully expired after a normal expiration, approximately 1100 mL at rest
expiratory reserve volume
93
it is the volume of air still remaining in the respiratory passages and lungs after the most forceful expiration, approximately 1200 mL
residual volume
94
it is the tidal volume plus the inspiratory reserve volume
it is the amount of air a person can inspire maximally after a normal expiration, approximately 3500 mL at rest
inspiratory capacity
95
it is the expiratory reserve volume plus the residual volume
it is the amount of air remaining in the lungs at the end of a normal expiration, approximately 2300 mL at rest
functional residual capacity
96
it is the sum of the inspiratory reserve volume, the tidal volume, and the expiratory reserve volume
it is the maximum volume of air a person can expel from the respiratory tract after a maximum inspiration, approximately 4600 mL
vital capacity
97
it is the sum of the inspiratory and expiratory reserve volumes plus the tidal volume and the residual volume, approximately 5800 mL
total lung capacity
98
the neural centers that control respiratory rhythm and depth are located in the ___________ and the pons
it controls the respiratory rate
medulla oblongata
99
a collection of neurons in the __________ helps regulate respiration rate
pons
100
the activity of the respiratory muscles and the diaphragm is regulated by nerve impulses transmitted to them from the brain by the __________ and __________ nerves
phrenic and intercostal nerves
101
the control of breathing illustrates negative feedback
it relies on the amount of dissolved carbon dioxide and oxygen in the blood
the body is particularly sensitive to changes in carbon dioxide levels and blood pH
local control
102
extremely slow or shallow breathing resulting in hypercapnia and respiratory acidosis
hypoventilation
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too high blood carbon dioxide
hypercapnia
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high concentration of carbon dioxide results in a decrease in blood pH
the medulla oblongata is the triggered to stimulate _____________
hyperventilation (increase in breathing rate)
105
excessive rate and depth of breathing resulting in hypocapnia and respiratory alkalosis
hyperventilation
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too low blood carbon dioxide
hypocapnia
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low concentration of carbon dioxide increases the blood pH
in the medulla oblongata of the brain, the neurons that trigger inhalation are inhibited and ________________________
slows down breathing (hypoventilation)
108
occurs when acid builds up or when bicarbonate (a base) is lost
develops when there is too much carbon dioxide (an acid) in the body
acidosis
109
a condition in which the body fluids have excess base (alkali)
occurs when high levels of carbon dioxide disrupt the blood's acid-base balance
alkalosis
110
measures the oxygen and carbon dioxide levels in your blood as well your blood's pH balance
arterial blood gas (ABG) test
111
blood draw points for ABG analysis
brachial artery
radial artery
ulnar artery
femoral artery
112
pH is low
bicarb is low
metabolic acidosis
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pH is high
bicarb is high
metabolic alkalosis
114
pH is low
CO2 is high
respiratory acidosis
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pH is high
CO2 is low
respiratory alkalosis
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normal pH on ABG
7.35 - 7.45
117
normal pCO2 on ABG
35 mmHg - 45 mmHg
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normal pO2 on ABG
75 mmHg - 100 mmHg
119
normal HCO3 on ABG
22 mEq/L - 26 mEq/L
120
normal O2 Sat on ABG
greater than 95%
121
difference between fenestrated and defenestrated tracheostomy tube
a fenestrated tube has an opening in the side of the shaft, while a non-fenestrated does not
