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Endocrine System(A&P) Flashcards

1
Q

Endocrine System Function

A
  • regulatory system
  • endocrine glands
  • growth and maturation
  • metabolism
  • reproduction
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2
Q

Hormones

A
  • chemicals secreted into the bloodstream which regulate the activities of the body systems and tissues
  • target organ=tissue
  • target organ is the tissue.organ that responds to hormone regulation
  • classification of hormones: 1)protein 2)steroids
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3
Q

Protein(non steroids)

A
  • classification of hormone

- range from simple polypeptides to complex proteins

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4
Q

Steroids

A
  • classification of hormone
  • cholesterol based molecules
  • every hormone that is not produced by sex gland or adrenal gland it is a protein
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5
Q

Homeostasis

A

negative feedback

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6
Q

negative feedback

A

-production of the hormone or the effect of hormone production causes a decrease in its secretion

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7
Q

positive feedback

A
  • production of the hormone or the effect of hormone production causes an increase in its secretion
    ex: applies to situation where there is an end point child birth
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8
Q

Pituitary gland-Master Gland-Hypophysis

A
  • hormones regulate the activity of other glands
  • activity of the pituitary is regulated by the hypothalamus
  • small gland located in the sphenoid bone
  • attached to the hypothalamus(link to the nervous system) by a stalk called the infundibulum
  • has 2 distinct lobes: the anterior lobe and the posterior lobe
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9
Q

Anterior Pituitary(Adenohypophysis)

A

1) Growth hormone GH(Somatotropin)
2) Thyroid Stimulating hormone(TSH)
3) Adrenocorticotropic hormone(ACTH)
4) Prolactin-Lactogenic Hormone-PRL
5) Follicle Stimulating Hormone-FSH-Gonaotropic Hormone
6) Luteinizing Hormone-LH-Gonadotropic Hormone

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10
Q

1)Growth Hormone- Somatotropin(STH)

A
  • part of Anterior Pituitary(Adenohypophysis)
  • acts on most body tissues
  • causes growth in height prior to closure of the epiphyseal disc
  • has a major role in metabolism
  • stimulates protein synthesis
  • it is needed for tissue repair
  • overproduction=gigantism or acromegaly
  • underproduction=dwarfism
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11
Q

2)Thyroid Stimulating Hormone(TSH)

A
  • part of Anterior Pituitary(Adenohypophysis)-target tissue:Thyroid gland
  • effect secretion of thyroid hormones
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12
Q

3)Adrenocorticotropic Hormone(ACTH)

A
  • part of Anterior Pituitary(Adenohypophysis)-target tissue: adrenal cortex
  • effect: secretion of hormones from the adrenal cortex
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13
Q

4)Prolactin-Lactogenic Hormone-(PRL)

A
  • part of Anterior Pituitary(Adenohypophysis)target organ: mammary glands
    effect: milk production post partum
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14
Q

5)Follicle Stimulating Hormone-FSH-Gonadotropic Hormone

A
  • part of Anterior Pituitary(Adenohypophysis)target organ: ovaries/testes
    effect: development of ova/sperm cells
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15
Q

6)Luteinizing Hormone-LH-Gonadotropic Hormone

A
  • part of Anterior Pituitary(Adenohypophysis)target organ: ovaries
    effect: regulation of ovulation and menstruation, ovulation and development of the corpus lutem

LH(interstitial cell stimulating hormone)

  • target organ: testes
  • effect:testosterone secretion
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16
Q

Posterior Lobe of the pituitary(Neuro Hypophysis)

A

1) Antidiuretic Hormone(ADH)(Vasopressin)

2) Oxytocin

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17
Q

Antidiuretic Hormone(ADH)(Vasopressin)

A
  • part ofPosterior Lobe of the pituitary(Neuro Hypophysis)
  • target organ: kidneys
  • effect: reabsorption of water by the kidney tubules from the forming urine
  • high concentration cause vasoconstriction
  • hyposecretion: diabestes insipidus
  • hypersecretion:SIADH
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18
Q

Oxytocin

A
  • part ofPosterior Lobe of the pituitary(Neuro Hypophysis)
  • target organ: uterus and breast
  • effect: uterine contraction and milk ejection

-oxytocin production is controlled by a positive feedback loop

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19
Q

Thyroid Gland

A
  • located in the neck just under the larynx
  • it has two lobes(butterfly)
  • hormones produced
    1) Thyroxine T4
    2) Triodothyronine T3
    3) Calcitonin
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20
Q

Thyroxine(T4) an Triiodothyronine(T3)

A
  • increase rate of protein/fat/glucose metabolism
  • regulate BMR
  • iodine is necessary for making T3 and T4
  • increase body temp
  • essential for physical growth and development
  • essential for reproductive maturity
  • essential for mental development(normal growth in function of CNS)
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21
Q

Calcitonin

A
  • increase activity of osteoblasts
  • decrease the reabsorption of calcium and phosphorus from the bone
  • decrease blood calcium concentration
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22
Q

Disorder of the thyroid gland

A

Cretinism- hypothyroidism- infants and children, severe physical /mental retardation

  • Hypothyroid/goiter/myxedema in adults
  • Hyperthyroidism=Graves Disease(increase metabolic rate/tachycardia)
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23
Q

Cretinism(Hypothyroidism)

A
  • in infants in children

- severe physical and mental retardation

24
Q

Myxedema(Hypothyroidism)

A
  • in adults

- hypothyroid lead to goiter

25
Graves Disease(Hyperthyroidism)
-increased metabolic rate, tachycardia
26
Parathyroid Gland
-four peasized glands located on the back of thyroid
27
Parathyroid Hormone(PTH)
- antagonist of calcitonin - increases blood calcium concentration - promoting the activity of osteoclast(bone resorption) - increasing absorption of calcium from food - decreased calcium excretion by the kidneys
28
Adrenal Glands-Suprarenal Glands
- pyramid shaped glands located one on top of each kidney(suprarenal) - they have 2 parts each the medulla(inside), the cortex(outside)
29
Medulla
-hormonal secretion (Catecholamines) are produced in response to sympathetic impulse from the nervous system(hypothalamus)
30
Nor-Epinephrine/Epinephrine
-increases rate and force of cardiac contractions -dilates the bronchi -decrease in peristalsis -promotes conversion of glycogen to glucose in the liver -high and dry -increase cellular respiration -increase use of fat for energy -vasodilation in skeletal mucles -vasoconstriction in skin and visceral organs
31
Adrenal Cortex
secretes three types of steroid hormones 1) Glucorticoids(Cortisol) 2) Mineralcorticoids(Aldosterone) 3) Sex Hormones(Androgen&Estrogen)
32
Glucorticoids(Cortisol)
STERIOD HORMONE SECRETED BY THE ADRENAL CORTEX - secreted by the body under stress whether physiological/psychological stress - decreases bone reformation\ - increase the use of fat and amino acids for energy - raise blood glucose level - increase the blood levels of fatty acid and amino acid - anti-inflammatory-2nd line of defense-effects would healing/immunity - increase stomach acid production
33
MIneralcorticoids(Aldosterone)
STERIOD HORMONE SECRETED BY THE ADRENAL CORTEX - target organ kidney - increase reabsorbion of Na in the kidney tubules(water follows sodium) - promotes excretion of K - important for fluid and electrolyte ph balance - renin-angiotension-aldosterone
34
Sex Hormone
STERIOD HORMONE SECRETED BY THE ADRENAL CORTEX - androgen for males - estrogen for females
35
Addisons Disease
Disorder of the Adrenal Cortex - hyposecretion of hormones of the adrenal cortex - Aldosterone-hypersecretion of Na.K retention,severe dehydration,low blood volume,low bp
36
Cushing Syndrome
- Disorder of the adrenal cortex - hypersecretion of hormones of the adrenal cortex - cortisol-hyperglycemia fat deposition in the trunk,moon face,buffalo hump,fragile skin,fragile bone,muscle weakness
37
Pancreas-Islets of Langerhan
--pancreas is both an exocrine gland and an endocrine gland -endocrine function of the pancreas take place in islets of langerhan -2 types of cells: Alpha cells: make glucagon Beta cells: make insulin
38
Alpha cells
make glucagon
39
Beta cells
make insulin
40
Insulin
- facilitate the diffusion of glucose across the cell membrane - lowers blood glucose level - helps to ensure the cells have glucose to metabolize for energy - increases glucose uptake by the liver and conversion of glucose to glycogen - important for fat synthesis - anabolic(build up)
41
Glucagon
- causes liver to convert glucogen to glucose - increases blood glucose levels - increases the rate of conversion of amino acids to glucose
42
Diabetes type 1(\disease of secretion)
-no insulin secretion or insufficient insulin secretion, can cause hyperglycemia
43
Diabetes type 2(disease of response)
- response of the cells to insulin diminshes | - marked by hyperglycemia
44
effects of chronic hypergycemia
- macrovascular damage: large blood vessel damage do not transport oxygen and nutrients to feet leading to diabeteic foot ulcer - microvascular damage: small blood vessels damage leading to nephropathy,retinapathy,neuropathy
45
diabetes
polyphagia(eat) excessive polydispia(thirst) polyurea(urine)
46
Testes
sex gland(gonad) - located in the scrotal sac - intestitial cells produce testosterone - fsh stimulates the testes to produce mature sperm
47
testosterone
- promote maturation of sperm cells | - development of secondary sex characteristics
48
ovaries
- located in pelvic cavity | - produce estrogen and progesterone
49
fsh
development of ovum
50
LH
ovulation hormone
51
Estrogen
- helps with maturation of the ovum - growth of the endometrium in preparation of possible implantaion - development of seconday characteristics - lowers level of cholesterol and triglceride levels - reduce risk of artherscolrosis(corondary heart disease) in pre menopausable women,
52
Progesterone
- promotes growth of the endometrium - promotes storage of glycogen in the liver - enlargement of mammary glands
53
Pineal Gland
- located in the diencephalon - very sensitive to light conditions - secretes melatonin which stimulates the onset of sleep an increases its duration(melatonin secretion follows a daily cycle more is produced in darkness - serotonin which helps with regulation of mood more is produced in light
54
Thymus gland
- located in the neck inferior to the thyroid gland - large in the fetus and children(shrinks with age) - secretes thymosin which promotes proliferation and maturation of T lymphocytes
55
kidneys
- located in the abdominal cavitity - renin-produced in response to low Bp - part of the renin angiotention-aldosterone mechanism - erythropoietin: produced in response to tissue hypoxia, promotes erythropoesis
56
placenta
- temporary secretory organ | - secretes hormone(estrogen and progesterone which maintain the pregnancy
57
prostaglandins
- local tissue hormones - produced by most tissue and exert local effects - they are many different types of prostaglandins - invovled in: inflammation,vasocontriction,reproduction,blood clotting,pain,vasodilation,uterine contractions

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