Endocrine system: endocrine glands

Question 1

What does the hypothalamus + pituitary glands do?

Answer 1

Controls some body functions through nerve mechanisms (but more via the pituitary gland)

Question 2

What is considered the ‘leader of the endocrine orchestra’?

Answer 2

Pituitary gland

Question 3

Structure of the hypothalamus and pituitary gland

Answer 3

Nerve tissue links the thumb -tip size hypothalamus to the pea -sized pituitary (comprising of posterior and anterior lobes)

Question 4

What hormones does the hypothalamus produce?

Answer 4

Vasopressin (antidiuretic hormone) - ADP and oxytocin

Question 5

What does the pituitary gland’s posterior lobe do?

Answer 5

Stores and releases the hormone oxytocin

Question 6

What does ADP (antidiuretic hormone) do?

Answer 6

Controls water output of the kidneys (controls how much you pee)

Question 7

What is the function of oxytocin during birth?

Answer 7

Produces contractions of the uterus

Question 8

What does the release of hormones from the hypothalamus also make the pituitary’s anterior lobe do?

Answer 8

Produce other hormones

Question 9

What are the other hormones produced by the pituitary’s anterior lobe?

Answer 9

Thyrotrophic hormone, adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH), gonadotrophins, prolactin and growth hormone

Question 10

What hormone controls the thyroid gland?

Answer 10

Thyrotrophic hormone

Question 11

What hormone controls the cortex of each adrenal gland?

Answer 11

Adrenocorticotrophic hormone

Question 12

What hormone controls the ovaries?

Answer 12

Gonadotrophins

Question 13

What hormone produces breast milk?

Answer 13

Prolactin

Question 14

What promotes growth in children?

Answer 14

Growth hormone

Question 15

Location of the thyroid gland

Answer 15

In the neck, wrapped the front of the windpipe, with a large lobe on either side

Question 16

Thyrotrophin (TSH)

Answer 16

A hormone from the pituitary gland that stimulates the thyroid to produce thyroxine and triiodothyronine

Question 17

Function of the hormones thyroxine and triiodothyronine

Answer 17

Regulate growth and mental development, and calcitonin (which helps build bone)

Question 18

Location of the parathyroid glands

Answer 18

They lie in/near the thyroid’s lobes

Question 19

What hormone do the parathyroid glands produce?

Answer 19

Parathormone

Question 20

Function of the hormone parathormone

Answer 20

Keeps up the blood’s level of calcium by taking some from the bone

Question 21

Function of the pancreas

Answer 21

Produces substances that help to break down foodstuffs in digestion, and controls the amount of sugar in blood

Question 22

Structure of the pancreas

Answer 22

Leaf - shaped, below the stomach; a tube connects it to the duodenum

Question 23

Where are the enzymes produced by the pancreas released?

Answer 23

Releases enzymes through its duct into the duodenum

Question 24

The enzymes released into the duodenum help break down what?

Answer 24

Protein, starch, sugar and fat

Question 25

Islets of Langerhans

Answer 25

Cells clusters in the pancreas

Question 26

What do the Islets of Langerhans release?

Answer 26

Insulin and glucagon

Question 27

What are the hormones acting on the liver via the blood?

Answer 27

Insulin and glucagon

Question 28

What does glucagon do to glycogen?

Answer 28

Glucagon turns stored glycogen into glucose sugar

Question 29

What does insulin do to glucose?

Answer 29

Insulin turns glucose into glycogen

Question 30

What 2 things control sugar level (pancreas)?

Answer 30

Insulin and glucagon

Question 31

Location of adrenal glands

Answer 31

On the kidneys

Question 32

What 2 parts to adrenal glands have?

Answer 32

A cortex and medulla

Question 33

What does the **cortex** of adrenal glands contain?

Answer 33

Corticosteroid hormones

Question 34

Corticosteroid hormones:

Answer 34

Glucocorticoids (e.g. cortisol), mineralocorticoids (e.g., aldosterone) and sex hormones (e.g., male hormones androgens)

Question 35

Glucocorticoids e.g., cortisol:

Answer 35

Dealing with sugar and stress

Question 36

Mineralocorticoids e.g., aldosterone:

Answer 36

Keeping salt in the body

Question 37

What produces adrenalin?

Answer 37

The **medulla** (under nervous -system control) (other part of adrenal gland)

Question 38

**Function** of adrenalin?

Answer 38

Speeds up blood flow under stress