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Histo Path/Morbid Anatomy > Enviromental & Nutritional Diseases > Flashcards

Enviromental & Nutritional Diseases Flashcards

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1
Q

The natural process by which the atmosphere insulates the earth’s surface from the Sun’s radiant energy is called?

A

Greenhouse effect

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2
Q

Greenhouse gases include?

A

water vapor
CO2
CH4
N2O
HFC’s
PFC’s

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3
Q

List 6 environmental effects of air pollution?

A
  1. Haze
  2. Eutrophication
  3. Crop and plant damage
  4. Global climate change
  5. wildlife effects
  6. ozone depletion
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4
Q

Xenobiotic substances may access the body via?

A
  1. Oral route
  2. Percutaneously
  3. inhalation
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5
Q

Phase 1 of xenobiotic metabolism involves?

A
  1. Hydrolysis
  2. Redox reactions producing more soluble/permeable substrates
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6
Q

Phase 2 of xenobiotic metabolism include.

A
  1. Conjugation with methyl
  2. Glutathione and glucuronyl produces less toxic substrates
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7
Q

Phase 3 of xenobiotic metabolism involves?

A

Conversion of conjugated metabolites into lipophilic substrates for easy excretion

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8
Q

Cocaine is taken by?

A

Inhalation, IV injection or orally

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9
Q

Usual effects of cocaine include?

A
  1. Euphoria
  2. Drug-dependent stimulation
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10
Q

List 7 effects of high dose of cocaine?

A
  1. Dizziness
  2. Tremors
  3. Seizures
  4. Hallucinations
  5. nausea & vomiting
  6. breathing difficulty
  7. hypertension and angina
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11
Q

an opioid derivative similar to but more potent than morphine is?

A

Heroin

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12
Q

Effects of heroin?

A

Euphoria followed by sedation
Anesthetic effect

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13
Q

High doses of heroin produces?

A

Bradycardia
Respiratory depression
death

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14
Q

Phencyclidine a.k.a?

A

Angel dust

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15
Q

Phencyclidine produces?

A

Anesthetic effects and potential for self-harm

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16
Q

LSD produces?

A
  1. Hallucination
  2. anxiety
  3. sympathomimetic effects
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17
Q

Amphetamines are a potent CNS depressant?

A

False, stimulant

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18
Q

examples of amphetamines include?

A

Speed
Ice

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19
Q

Amphetamines are used to treat?

A

ADHD

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20
Q

Some diseases associated with tobacco include?

A
  1. Cardiovascular disease
  2. Lung cancer
  3. COPD (Emphysema and Chronic Bronchitis)
  4. Other cancers (oral, esophageal, bladder, kidney, pancreas)
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21
Q

Effects of tobacco smoking is dependent on?

A

Dose and duration

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22
Q

Microcytic hypochromic anemia is a cardinal feature of?

A

Lead poisoning

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23
Q

Lead nephropathy produces?

A

aminoaciduria
glycosuria hyperphosphaturia

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24
Q

Mercury Produces ?

A

nephrotoxicityand neurotoxicity

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25
what is Minamata disease?
CNS damage from methylmercury
26
Iron deficiency produces anemia. Excessive ingestion produces?
Bantu hemosiderosis
27
Categories of burns include?
1. Cutaneous burns 2. Inhalation burns 3. Electric burns
28
Describe malignant hyperthermia?
follows anesthesia in susceptible persons with mutations affecting either the SR ryanodine receptor (RYR1) or a voltage gated calcium channel (CACNA1S)
29
The effects of mechanical trauma is dependent on?
1. The force transmitted 2. The rate at which the transfer occured 3. The surface area to which the force is applied 4. The area of the body
30
a localized mechanical injury with focal hemorrhage is?
Contusion
31
What is a contusion?
localised mechanical injury with focal hemorrhage
32
a skin defect caused by a crushing force or scrape is?
Abrasion
33
What is an abrasion?
a skin defect caused by a crushing force or scrape
34
a split or tear of the skin resulting from a force greater than an abrasion is?
Laceration
35
What is a laceration?
represents a split or tear of the skin resulting from a force greater than an abrasion
36
mechanical disruptions of tissue integrity is?
wounds
37
define a wound?
mechanical disruptions of tissue integrity
38
Malnutrition can be divided into two, which are?
primary and secondary
39
Inadequate intake of protein and calories PEM is subdivided into 2 main clinical syndromes?
1. Marasmus 2. kwashiorkor
40
"a global deficiency of all elements of the diet, denotes a deficiency of calories from all sources" this describes?
Marasmus
41
Pathologic changes in marasmus?
1. ↓body weight 2. ↓ subcutaneous fat 3. protuberant abdomen 4. muscle wasting 5. wrinkled face. 6. Edema is characteristically absent
42
Histology in marasmus shows?
1. Organ atrophy 2. lipofuscin pigment in most organs
43
........... results from deficiency from protein in diets relatively high in carbohydrates?
Kwashiorkor
44
Too early weaning off breast is followed by what disease?
Kwashiorkor
45
What nutritional disease is characterized by hypoalbuminemia and generalized dependent edema?
Kwashiorkor
46
In kwashiorkor, weight is between .... to ..... % of expected age
60 to 80
47
Flag sign in the hair and flaky paint lesion on the skin are present in?
Kwashiorkor
48
Obesity is BMI of?
> or = 30kg/m2
49
Functions of vitamin A include?
1. Normal vision 2. regulation of cell growth 3. immune function 4. lipid metabolism
50
Deficiency of vitamin A results in?
1. Squamous metaplasia especially in glandular epithelium 2. immune deficiency
51
Vitamin A toxicity produces?
1. Pseudo-tumor cerebri 2. Hepatomegaly 3. Splenomegaly 4. Decreased bone density
52
List 5 presentations of vitamin B1 deficiency?
1. Beriberi 2. Neuropathy 3. Cardiac failure 4. Korsakoff's psychosis 5. Wernicke's encephalopathy
53
List 4 presentations of vitamin B2 deficiency?
1. Mucosal fissuring 2. cheilosis 3. Angular stomatitis 4. Glossitis
54
List 4 presentations of vitamin B6 deficiency?
1. Cheilosis 2. Glossitis 3. Neuropathy 4. Sideroblastic anaemia
55
List 2 presentations of vitamin B12 deficiency?
1. Megaloblastic anaemia 2. SACD
56
List 3 presentations of vitamin B9 deficiency?
1. Megaloblastic anemia 2. neural tube defects 3. mouth ulcers
57
Vitamin B3 deficiency presents as?
Pellagra (dermatitis, diarrhea, dementia)
58
Deficiency of vitamin C results from lack of?
Fresh fruits and vegetables
59
........... is needed for collagen synthesis?
Vitamin C
60
Deficiency of Vitamin C results in?
1. Delayed wound healing 2. Gingival bleeding 3. Petechiae 4. Ecchymosis
61
What is the function of vitamin D?
1. Maintenance of plasma levels of Ca and Po 2. Photosynthetic activation 7-dehydrocholesterol produces cholecalciferol (Vit D3)
62
Deficiency of Vitamin D produces?
Rickets or Osteomalacia

Histo Path/Morbid Anatomy (15 decks)

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