Infectious disease - Histoplasmosis

Question 1

Define histoplasmosis?

Answer 1

A chronic granulomatous disease caused by the fungus Histoplasma capsulatum.

Question 2

Histoplasmosis is considered a fungal homolog of?

Answer 2

Bacterial tuberculosis

Question 3

African histoplasmosis is caused by?

Answer 3

Histoplasma capsulatum var duboisii

Question 4

what causes American histoplasmosis?

Answer 4

histoplasma capsulatum var capsulatum

Question 5

In north America and central America, histoplasmosis presents as?

Answer 5

Lung and mucosal diseases.

Question 6

The natural reservoirs for var duboisii are?

Answer 6

Chicken runs and caves infested with bats.

Question 7

The natural reservoirs for var capsulatum is?

Answer 7

Soil contaminated by bat Guano

Question 8

Disseminated form of histoplasmosis is seen in?

Answer 8

HIV/AIDS

Question 9

Is histoplasmosis a HI/AIDS defining condition?

Answer 9

True

Question 10

Histoplasma capsulatum is a dimorphic fungus, True or false?

Answer 10

True

Question 11

Portal of entry of african histoplasmosis is?

Answer 11

Not known, suggested that it is inhaled then hematogenously transferred to favorable sites.

Question 12

The route of entry for american histoplasmosis is by?

Answer 12

Inhalation

Question 13

Symptoms of pulmonary histoplasmosis are?

Answer 13

1. Fever
2. Chest pain
3. Non-productive cough
4. Substernal chest pain
5. Vomiting

Question 14

About the pathogenesis of histoplasmosis, In acute infection hisplasma are phagocytosed by ………… in the ………………

Answer 14

Macrophages
Lung alveoli

Question 15

About the pathogenesis of histoplasmosis, phagocytosed hisplasma survive within the innate immune cells until?

Answer 15

The development of cell-mediated immunity.

Question 16

About the pathogenesis of histoplasmosis, hisplasma in macrophages are contained by chronic granulomatous inflammation with formation of?

Answer 16

granulomata with giant cells containing histoplasma yeast forms in the organs involved.

Question 17

………………… causes acute or persistent pulmonary diseases with or without cavitations?

Answer 17

Histoplasma capsulatum var capsulatum

Question 18

…………….. causes disseminated and reactivation diseases?

Answer 18

Histoplasma capsulatum var capsulatum

Question 19

………… causes a localized or disseminated disease?

Answer 19

Histoplasma capsulatum var duboisii

Question 20

Localized diseases of histoplasma capsulatum var duboisii are in the form of?

Answer 20

Isolated lesions of the skin, bone or lymph node.

Question 21

Concerning organ changes in histoplasmosis, the skin lesions can be?

Answer 21

papular, nodular, ulcerative and eczematoid.

Question 22

Concerning organ changes in histoplasmosis, the papules and nodules have a characteristic?

Answer 22

Halo around them which is a pathognomic sign of the disease

Question 23

What is a pathognomic sign of histoplasmosis disease?

Answer 23

Papules and nodules with a characteristic halo around them.

Question 24

Concerning organ changes in histoplasmosis, the subcutaneous lesions are?

Answer 24

suppurative abscesses or freely movable granuloma

Question 25

Concerning organ changes in histoplasmosis, describe the subcutaneous lesions?

Answer 25

They are suppurative abscesses or freely movable granuloma

Question 26

Concerning organ changes in histoplasmosis, lumps with ....... lesions may develop over the skull, radiographically resembling....?

Answer 26

Lytic Multiple myeloma

Question 27

Concerning organ changes in histoplasmosis, describe changes in spleen, liver, lymph nodes and bones.

Answer 27

1. Enlargement of multiple lymph nodes, spleen and the liver 2. Osteomyelitis with discharging sinuses 3. Lymph node abscesses

Question 28

Diagnosis of histoplasmosis is by?

Answer 28

1. histology 2. Fungal cultures of (blood, sputum, bone marrow, liver, skin, spleen)

Question 29

When is treatment contraindicated in histoplasmosis?

Answer 29

For those that have mild pulmonary disease which can resolve on its own in otherwise healthy individuals.

Question 30

Treatment of histoplasmosis by antifungal agent is for how long?

Answer 30

2 - 12 months

Question 31

Antifungal agents for histoplasmosis include?

Answer 31

1. Itraconazole 2. Amphotericin B 3. Ketoconazole