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Histo Path/Morbid Anatomy > Haemodynamic Disorders > Flashcards

Haemodynamic Disorders Flashcards

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1
Q

What is edema?

A

Accumulation of fluid in the interstitial spaces

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2
Q

What are effusions?

A

Effusions represent accumulation of fluid within body cavities

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3
Q

Effusions can be classified as?

A

systemic or local
Inflammatory or non‐inflammatory

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4
Q

About pathogenesis of edema, Increased Hydrostatic Pressure causes?

A

cardiac edema

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5
Q

About pathogenesis of edema, reduced plasma osmotic pressure causes?

A

nephrotic syndrome

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6
Q

About pathogenesis of edema, list them?

A
  1. Increased Hydrostatic Pressure
  2. reduced plasma osmotic pressure
  3. Salt and water retention
  4. Lymphatic obstruction
  5. inflammation
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7
Q

Clinical examples of edema include?

A

• Pulmonary edema Pulmonary edema

• Cerebral edema

• subcutaneous/Pedal edema

• lymphedema

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8
Q

About hyperemia and congestion, Both result from?

A

accumulation of blood

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9
Q

Hyperemia is an ………, while congestion is ……

A

active process

passive

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10
Q

Hyperemia may be ….. or ……?

A

physiologic or pathologic

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11
Q

Congestion may be …… or ……?

A

systemic or local

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12
Q

In the lung chronic congestion is characterised by …….. with …..?

A

accumulation of fluid in the alveolar spaces

hemosiderin‐laden macrophages

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13
Q

About congestion, In the liver, there is …… and …….. producing the nutmeg liver?

A

alternating red zones

surrounding fatty areas

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14
Q

Factors involved in normal hemostasis include…….?

A

intact vasculature
coagulation pathway and other factors

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15
Q

Hemorrhage can be caused by ….
., …… or …….?

A

trauma

bleeding

diapedesis

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16
Q

Describe Petechiae?

A

small pin‐point hemorrhages into skin. 1‐2mm diameter

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17
Q

Describe Purpura?

A

non blanching hemorrhage 2mm

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18
Q

What size is Ecchymosis?

A

> 1cm

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19
Q

What is a hematoma?

A

Large area of hemorrhage

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20
Q

Clinical examples of hemorrhage are?

A

• Epistaxis Epistaxis
• Menorrhagia
• Hematuria
• Malaena
• Hemaochezia
• Hemarthrosis

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21
Q

What is thrombosis?

A

Thrombosis refers to the formation of solid mass within the intact circulation of a living individual. Usually refers to a blood clot

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22
Q

What are the Virchows triad?

A
  1. Hypercoagulability
  2. Endothelial cell injury
  3. Stasis (abnormal flow)
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23
Q

What are the types of thrombi?

A

Arterial
Venous

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24
Q

Describe arterial thrombi?

A

usually follow endothelial injury.

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25
Venous thrombi‐ originate from …..,?
sites of stasis.
26
Arterial and venous thrombi both have …….?
lines of Zahn
27
What are the fates of thrombi?
• Propagation • Embolization • Dissolution • Organization • Recanalization
28
What is an embolus?
An embolus is any intravascular mass(solid, liquid, gas) carried by blood to a distant site from its point of origin
29
The overwhelming majority of emboli arise from ……?
thrombosis
30
Emboli can be divided into?
Systemic vs pulmonary embolism
31
What are the types of emboli?
• Thromboemboli Thromboemboli • Air embolism • Fat embolism • Amniotic fluid embolism • Infective emboli • Tumour emboli
32
What is an infarct?
An infarct is a localized area of coagulative Usually follows ischemia from vascular occlusion (arterial or venous)
33
An infarct may be?
Maybe white, red or septic infarct
34
What is shock?
Shock refers to a state of systemic hypoperfusion (resulting from diminished cardiac output/insufficient blood volume) results in cellular hypoxia.
35
Shock refers to a state of ……… (resulting from diminished cardiac output/insufficient blood volume) results in ……..?
systemic hypoperfusion cellular hypoxia.
36
……… is a major cause of morbidity and mortality globally?
Shock
37
What are the types of shock?
1. Cardiogenic Shock‐ MI arrhythmia cardiac tamponade 2. Hypovolemic shock‐ hemorrhage, 3. Shock associated with systemic inflammation
38
…… Triggered by gram +ve, gram ve and fungi?
Septic shock
39
Septic shock is Triggered by ……?
gram +ve, gram ve and fungi
40
Common terms in septic shock include?
1. Sepsis 2. SIRS 3. MODS
41
Septic shock represents the …..?
end stage of shock
42
………. represents the end stage of shock?
Septic shock
43
About pathogenesis of shock, Involves complex interplay of ….., ……. and …….?
Involves complex interplay of cytokines, cellular receptors and signal transduction pathways.
44
About pathogenesis of shock, TLR’s recognize microbial products containing …..?
PAMPs
45
About pathogenesis of shock, …….. recognize microbial products containing PAMPs?
TLR’s
46
About pathogenesis of shock, ……… also recognize microbial peptides?
G‐protein receptors
47
About pathogenesis of shock, G‐protein receptors also recognize ……….?
microbial peptides
48
About the pathogenesis of shock, ………… are produced by immune cell
IL‐1, IL‐18,IL‐12, TNF and HMGB‐1
49
About the pathogenesis of shock, IL‐1, IL‐18,IL‐12, TNF and HMGB‐1 are produced by ….?
immune cell
50
About pathogenesis of shock, ….. & ……. activate endothelial cells to produce adhesion molecules?
ROS and Platelet activating factor
51
About pathogenesis of shock, ROS and Platelet activating factor activate ………. to produce adhesion molecules?
endothelial cells
52
About pathogenesis of shock, ROS and Platelet activating factor activate endothelial cells to produce ………?
adhesion molecules
53
About pathogenesis of shock, ……… activates the complement cascade leading to a pro inflammatory state?
Plasmin
54
About pathogenesis of shock, Plasmin activates the ……….. leading to a pro inflammatory state
complement cascade
55
About pathogenesis of shock, Plasmin activates the complement cascade leading to a …….:?
pro inflammatory state
56
About pathogenesis of shock, Plasmin activates the complement cascade leading to a pro inflammatory state. This accentuates ……. and also leads to …….?
procoagulant activity(DIC) insulin resistance
57
About the pathogenesis of shock, Ultimately , ……….. ensues?
organ dysfunction
58
What are the stages of shock?
• Non‐progressive phase • Progressive stage • Irreversible stage
59
About the morphology of shock, describe brain?
ischemic encephalopathy
60
About the morphology of shock, describe the Kidney?
acute tubular necrosis diffuse cortical necrosis hyaline thrombi in DIC
61
About the morphology of shock, describe the Lungs?
may develop DAD
62
About the morphology of shock, describe the GIT?
petechial hemorrhages and pathcy necrosis
63
About the morphology of shock, describe the Liver?
fatty change or central hemorrhagic necrosis
64
About the morphology of shock, describe the Adrenal glands?
cortical cell depletion

Histo Path/Morbid Anatomy (15 decks)

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