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Histo Path/Morbid Anatomy > Malaria > Flashcards

Malaria Flashcards

(65 cards)

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1
Q

Malaria is caused by an ………….. parasite called the plasmodium?

A

Intracellular unicellular eukaryotic

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2
Q

4 different species of plasmodium parasite are known to cause diseases in humans, list them?

A

P. Falciparum
P. Malariae
P. Ovale
P. Vivax

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3
Q

What specie of plasmodium infect apes and humans?

A

Plasmodium knowlesi

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4
Q

The vector of malaria parasite is?

A

Female anopheles mosquito

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5
Q

The female anopheles mosquito injects ……. Into the blood stream of humans at the same time she takes a blood meal?

A

Sporozoites

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6
Q

Sporozoites invade liver Cells by binding to the hepatocyte receptors for the serum proteins, ………… and ………….?

A

Thrombospondin
Properdin

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7
Q

In all species of plasmodium, the parasites develop to form ………, from which several thousand ………. Develop?

A

Schizonts
Merozoites

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8
Q

In vivax and ovale a proportion of the liver-stage parasites known as …………. Remain dormant in the hepatocytes?

A

Hypnozoites

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9
Q

In what stage can the plasmodium parasite be dormant for months or years?

A

Hypnozoites

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10
Q

What species plasmodium Parasite Can Initiate a cycle OF asexual reproduction , causing diseases in the absence of a mosquito bite?

A

Ovale and vivax

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11
Q

When the liver cells rupture, the ………….. are released into the bloodstream where they rapidly invade …………?

A

Merozoites
Red blood cells

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12
Q

How many Merozoites are released when each infected hepatocyte ruptures?

A

30,000

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13
Q

The infection of the liver cells and development of Merozoites is called ?

A

EXOERYTHROCYTIC STAGE

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14
Q

What is the EXOERYTHROCYTIC STAGE?

A

The infection of the liver cells and development of Merozoites

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15
Q

Is the EXOERYTHROCYTIC STAGE symptomatic?

A

No!, it is asymptomatic

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16
Q

Plasmodium Merozoites use a …………… to bind to ………….. residues on …………… on the surface of red cells?

A

Lectin-like molecule
Sialic acid residues
Glycophorin molecules

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17
Q

Merozoites invade by ………?

A

Active membrane penetration

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18
Q

P. Falciparum infects erythrocytes of what age?

A

All ages

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19
Q

P. Vivax and P. Ovale infects erythrocytes of what age?

A

Young age

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20
Q

P. Malariae infects erythrocytes of what age?

A

Older erythrocytes

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21
Q

The blood-stage parasites replicates ……………. attaining high parasite burden, destroying each rbc they infect. Leading to ………?

A

Asexually-rapidly
Clinical symptoms of malaria

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22
Q

ERYTHROCYTIC SCHIZOGONY in falciparum is?

A

36-48 hours

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23
Q

ERYTHROCYTIC SCHIZOGONY in ovale and vivax is?

A

48 hours

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24
Q

ERYTHROCYTIC SCHIZOGONY in Malariae is ?

A

72 hours

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25
Describe the erythrocytic stage of plasmodium?
The parasite grow in a membrane-bound digestive vacuole, hydrolyzing hemoglobin through secreted enzymes
26
In the erythrocytic stage of plasmodium, the parasite grow in a ………………… hydrolyzing hemoglobin through secreted enzymes
membrane-bound digestive vacuole
27
Hemoglobin is broken down to?
HEMOZOIN (malaria pigment)
28
What is malaria pigment?
HEMOZOIN (broken down hemoglobin in the erythrocytic stage)
29
The first stage of the malaria parasite in the rbc is?
Trophozoite
30
Trophozoite is defined by?
The presence of a single chromatin mass
31
The first stage of malaria parasite is defined by?
The presence of a single chromatin mass
32
The second stage of malaria parasite in rbc is?
Schizont
33
The schizont has ……………., each of which develop into a ………..?
Multiple chromatin masses Merozoites
34
Upon rupture of the rbc, the new ………… infects additional RBCs?
Merozoites
35
Paroxysmal fever, chills and rigors which characterize malaria occur when………?
Merozoites are released into the blood
36
………….. including Merozoites surface antigens are released from infected rbc and induce cytokine product by host cell?
GPI-linked proteins
37
List of examples of cytokines released?
TNF IFN-ɣ IL-1
38
Make and female gametocytes fuse within the mosquito forming ………….., which in turn become …………?
Diploid zygote Ookinete
39
Ookinetes migrate to the midgut of the insect, pass through the gut wall and form the ……. ?
Oocysts
40
……….. division of the oocysts occur and ………… are formed?
Meiotic Sporozoites
41
Sporozoites then migrate to the ………… of the female anopheles mosquito?
42
In areas where malaria is endemic, children within the 1st 6 months of life are mostly free of infection, because?
1. Transplacental acquired immunity 2. High concentration fetal hemoglobin 3. Anti-malarial property of para-amino benzoic acid (PABA) present in milk
43
Maternal antibodies decays at what age?
5 to 6 months
44
What is CONCOMITANT IMMUNITY OR PREMUNITION?
A person resident in an endemic area has a certain level of parasitaemia even in the absence of symptoms. This continuous presence of parasite prevents sever infection.
45
Severe/complicated malaria is caused mostly by………..?
P. Falciparum
46
Severe/complicated malaria is due to?
1. Destruction of erythrocytes 2. Production of cytokines 3. Sequestration of parasitzed erythrocytes
47
List 10 clinical features of severe/complicated malaria?
1. CEREBRAL MALARIA 2. SEVERE ANEMIA 3. RENAL FAILURE 4. PULMONARY EDEMA AND ACUTE RESPIRATORY DISTRESS SYNDROME 5. CIRCULATORY COLLAPSE (ALGID malaria 6. ABNORMAL BLEEDING AND/OR DISSEMINATED INTRAVASCULAR COAGULATION 7. REPEATED GENERALIZED CONVULSIONS 8. ACIDEMIA/ACIDOSIS 9. MACROSCOPIC HEMOGLOBINURIA 10. HYPERBILIRUBINEMI
48
List the gross organ changes in the brain due to malaria?
1. Cerebral edema/congestion with pink appearance of the brain 2. Petechiae in white matter 3. Raised ICP
49
List the microscopic organ changes in the brain due to malaria?
1. Capillaries and venous congestion filled with parasitized rbc 2. Blockage of vessels by parasitized RBCs 3. Ring hemorrhages 4. Durk’s granuloma.
50
List the organ changes in the kidney due to malaria?
1. Slightly enlarged 2. Corticies may show petechial hemorrhage 3. Malaria pigment in glomeruli 4. Cortico-medullary capillaries show parasitized rbc and hemoglobin in tubules 5. Acute tubular necrosis and acute renal failure
51
List the organ changes in the heart due to malaria?
1. Dilated and flabby 2. Pericardial and endocardial petechiae and congested capillaries containing parasitized RBCs 3. Focal hypoxic and focal interstitial infiltrates of the myocardium
52
List the organ changes in the lungs due to malaria?
1. The lungs are congested and oedematous with occasional parasitized erythrocytes in the pulmonary capillaries 2. Fibrin membranes maybe deposited in alveoli resulting in shock lung or acute respiratory distress syndrome
53
List the organ changes in the GIT due to malaria?
1. Congested and oedematous 2. Focal and diffuse hemorrhages 3. Small vessels of the intestinal mucosa contain parasitized rbc
54
List the organ changes in the liver due to malaria?
1. Liver is enlarged and has a slatey-grey appearance (hemozoin staining) 2. Kupffer cells are enlarged and contain malarial pigment, parasite and parasitized rbc 3. Pigments are also found in parenchymal cells 4. Sinusoids and other vessels are usually congested 5. Focal areas of fatty changes may be seen
55
56
List the organ changes in the spleen due to malaria?
1. Spleen is enlarged and weighs about 500gm during acute attack 2. It is soft and diffusely pigmented 3. Microscopically there is congestion and reticulo-endothelial hyperplasia 4. Macrophage engulfed parasite and rbcs 5. Hemorrhages and infarcts maybe present
57
Describe the spleen of patients with chronic malaria?
1. Very large up to 1000gm 2. Fibrotic and may have a foci of mineralization (ghandy-gamna bodies) 3. Brittle thick capsule, fibrous trabeculae
58
What is another name for hyperimmune malarial splenomegaly syndrome?
Tropical splenomegaly
59
hyperimmune malarial splenomegaly syndrome is characterized by?
Splenomegaly of greater than 5kg and of no other known cause in the falciparum endemic region
60
The gold standard of malaria diagnosis is?
Microscopy
61
Thick film in malaria diagnosis helps in determining the?
Density of infestation
62
Thin film in malaria diagnosis is for ?
Specie determination
63
In malaria diagnosis, antigen detection test most often use …………… and provide results in ……….. minutes?. They are also called rapid diagnostic tests
Dipstick or cassette format 2-15
64
What is the full meaning of RDTs
Rapid diagnostic tests
65
In molecular diagnosis is malaria, PCR can be used for?
Confirming the specie of malaria parasite after diagnosis has been established by either smear microscopy or RDTs

Histo Path/Morbid Anatomy (15 decks)

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