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Histo Path/Morbid Anatomy > Trematodes & Cestodes > Flashcards

Trematodes & Cestodes Flashcards

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1
Q

Parasites are classified into 2, list them?

A

PROTOZOA (unicellular)
METAZOA (multicellular)

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2
Q

Metazoa (Helminths) are further classified into?

A

Trematodes
Cestodes
Nematodes

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3
Q

List 5 schistosoma species?

A

S. Haematobium
S. intercalatum
S. Mansoni
S. Japonicum
S. mekongi

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4
Q

Trematodes are classified into?

A
  1. Schistosoma
  2. Paragonimus westermani
  3. Clonorchis sinensis
  4. Fasciolopis Buski
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5
Q

Describe Trematodes?

A
  1. Flat, leaf-like and unsegmented worms
  2. Oviparous
  3. No Body Cavity
  4. Highly Complex Reproductive System
  5. Incomplete Alimentary Canal (No Anus)
  6. Male and Female organs are present (hermaphrodites) except Schistosomes
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6
Q

…… is the second most common parasitic cause of death after……?

A

Schistosomiasis
Malaria

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7
Q

Schistosomiasis is caused by…..?

A

Mammalian Blood Flukes (Trematodes) known as Schistosoma

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8
Q

In schistosomiasis, most deaths come from ………. caused by
………….. in South America , Africa and the middle east

A

Hepatic disease

SCHISTOSOMA MANSONI

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9
Q

In schistosomiasis, most deaths come from ………. caused by
………….. east Asia?

A

Hepatic disease
Schistosoma japonicum and Mekongi

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10
Q

Urinary Schistosomiasis is
caused by ……….. in Africa and Southeast Asia?

A

Schistosoma haematobium

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11
Q

Urinary schistosomiasis is transmitted by ………. that live in Slow-moving waters of tropical rivers, lakes and Irrigation Ditches

A

Freshwater Snails

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12
Q

In schistosomiasis, ……… is the definitive host (reproduction)?

A

Man

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13
Q

In schistosomiasis, ……… is the intermediate host?

A

Snail

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14
Q

In schistosomiasis, list the intermediate hosts species?

A
  1. BULINUS – S. Hematobium, S. Intercalatum
  2. BIOMPHALARIA – S. mansoni
  3. ONCOMELINA– S. Japonicum
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15
Q

Infectious Schistosome Larvae
(………,) Penetrates Human Skin With the aid of …………..that Degrades the keratinized layer?

A

CERCARIAE

PROTEOLYTIC ENZYMES

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16
Q

About the life cycle & pathogenesis of schistosomiasis, infectious schistosome larvae migrate into the …………… travel to the ……., then ………… where they mature and mate?

A

Peripheral blood vessels
Lungs
Hepatic vessels

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17
Q

About the life cycle & pathogenesis of schistosomiasis, after maturation and mating, the migrate out as ………… and settle in ……… and ………. venules?

A

Male and female pairs
portal
pelvic

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18
Q

About the life cycle & pathogenesis of schistosomiasis, after maturation and mating, what species migrate out and settle in portal venules?

A

Mansoni
Japonicum
Mekongi

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19
Q

About the life cycle & pathogenesis of schistosomiasis, after maturation and mating, what species migrate out and settle in pelvic venules?

A

Haematobium

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20
Q

About the life cycle & pathogenesis of schistosomiasis, females produce hundreds of eggs per day, the eggs produce ……… which aid in …….. transfer across ……….?

A

Proteases
Passive
Intestinal and bladder walls

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21
Q

About the life cycle & pathogenesis of schistosomiasis, what other organs can eggs embolize to?

A

Brain, lungs, placenta, genitals or skin

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22
Q

About the life cycle & pathogenesis of schistosomiasis, ……… are seen around eggs?

A

Granuloma

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23
Q

About the life cycle & pathogenesis of schistosomiasis, early immune response to schistosoma ova is dominated by …….. producing …….?

A

TH1 cells
IFN-GAMMA (IFN-ƴ)

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24
Q

About the life cycle & pathogenesis of schistosomiasis, ……… stimulates ……… to secrete high levels of …….. causing fever?

A

IFN-GAMMA (IFN-ƴ)
Macrophages
Cytokines, TNF, IL-1 and IL-6

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25
About the life cycle & pathogenesis of schistosomiasis, chronic schistosomiasis is associated with a ………., although TH1 cells persist?
Dominant TH2 cells
26
About the life cycle & pathogenesis of schistosomiasis, TH2 produces …… which increases …….. by stimulating the synthesis of ……..
IL-13 Fibrosis Collagen
27
About the clinical effects of schistosomiasis, early reaction is also known as?
Swimmers itch
28
About the clinical effects of schistosomiasis, when does early reaction occur, and what causes it?
A day after infection Death of cercariae upon skin penetration
29
About the clinical effects of schistosomiasis, early reaction is associated with?
Pruritic rash with edema and erythema
30
About the clinical effects of schistosomiasis, early reaction resolves……?
Spontaneously within 10 days
31
About the clinical effects of schistosomiasis, acute toxaemic schistosomiasis is also known as?
Katayama fever
32
About the clinical effects of schistosomiasis, what is acute toxaemic schistosomiasis?
It is a rare but potentially lethal serum-sickness (immune complex mediated)
33
About the clinical effects of schistosomiasis, acute toxaemic schistosomiasis usually occurs in s. Japonicum …. to …. months after …. infection?
1 to 3 Primary
34
About the clinical effects of schistosomiasis, acute toxaemic schistosomiasis is associated with fever, chills, sweating, anorexia, headache, diarrhea, cough, splenomegaly and urticaria, it resolves after…….
Several weeks
35
About the clinical effects of schistosomiasis, chronic disease is egg induced chronic Granulomatous inflammation and fibrosis in many organs, it may present with?
Fever, Fatigue Abdominal Pain, Blood stained Stools Diarrhea or haematuria
36
Organ changes in schistosomiasis include?
1. Pinhead–sized Granulomas Scattered Throughout the gut, the liver and other involved organs
37
Concern organ changes in schistosomiasis, the granulomas are composed of?
Macrophages Lymphocytes Neutrophils and eosinophils with schistosoma egg at the centre
38
Concerning organ changes is schistosomiasis, in some cases circulating antibodies can be deposited around …… giving an acellular homogenous eosinophilic sleeve called?
Ova Hoepli splendor phenomenon
39
Concerning organ changes in schistosomiasis, describe the liver
1. Darkened by regurgitated heme 2. Derived pigments(iron free) 3. The surface is bumpy 4. Cut surfaces show pinpiont granulomas 5. Widespread fibrosis with portal enlargement without Intervening Regenerative nodules (pipestem fibrosis)
40
Concerning organ changes in schistosomiasis, Widespread fibrosis with portal enlargement without Intervening Regenerative nodules (pipestem fibrosis) may obliterate portal veins leading to?
Portal hypertension and congestive splenomegaly
41
Concerning organ changes in schistosomiasis, describe the colon
Inflammatory patches or Pseudo polyps may be seen
42
Concerning organ changes in schistosomiasis, describe the lungs
Granulomatous Pulmonary Arteritis with intimal hyperplasia leading to pulmonary hypertension and cardiac failure (cor Pulmonale)
43
Concerning organ changes in schistosomiasis, describe the urinary bladder
Early Lesions Show Granulomas And Mucosal erosions Later the Granulomas Calcify And Develop Sandy Appearance Fibrosis Of ureteral Walls Can Lead to Obstruction, hydronephrosis and chronic Pyelonephritis
44
Describe cestodes?
Segmented Tape-like Worms Flattened dorsoventrally
45
Each cestode consists of three basic structures, which are?
1. Scolex (head): organ of attachment 2. Neck: Generates segments of the body 3. Strobila: Represents the body of the adult worm
46
Cestodes are classified into two orders, list them?
1. cyclophyllidea 2. Pseudophyllidea
47
Cestode order Cyclophyllidea has 3 families?
(1). TAENIIDAE (2). HYMENOLEPIDIDAE (3). DILEPIDIDAe
48
List the species in FAMILY TAENIIDAE
(1). T. SOLIUM (2). T. SAGINATA (3). E. GRANULOSUS
49
List the species in FAMILY: HYMENOLEPIDIDAE
(1). HYMENOLEPIS NANA (2). HYMENOLEPIS DIMINUT
50
List the species in the FAMILY: DILEPIDIDAE ?
DIPHYLIDIUM CANINUM
51
TAENIA SAGINATA is also known as?
Beef tapeworm, unarmed tapeworm of man
52
TAENIA SOLIUM is also known as?
Pork tapeworm, armed tapeworm of man
53
In TAENIASIS, ….. are the only definative host?
Humans
54
Intermediate hosts in TAENIASIS are?
(A). CATTLE FOR T. SAGINATA (B). PIGS FOR T. SOLIUM
55
About Taeniasis life cycle, in the small intestine of the cow larvae called …….. hatch?
ONCOSPHERES
56
About Taeniasis life cycle, the larvae penetrate the intestinal wall, enter the blood stream and migrate to ……… ?
Muscle tissue
57
About Taeniasis life cycle, in muscle tissue the larvae encyst into ……… which can survive for years?
CYSTICERCI
58
About Taeniasis life cycle, CYSTICERCI ……….. in the small intestine of humans when they eat undercooked meat?
Excyst
59
About Taeniasis life cycle, ……….. is caused by ingestion of T. solium eggs in food contaminated by infested human stools
cysticercosis
60
About Taeniasis life cycle, ……… hatch in the small intestine and penetrate into the bloodstream?
Oncosphere
61
About Taeniasis life cycle, oncosphere hatch in the ……… and penetrate into the …….::?
small intestine bloodstream
62
About clinical effects of taeniasis, tapeworms in the upper small intestine can cause
Mild abdominal pain, distention, anorexia and nausea
63
About clinical effects of taeniasis, infection is often?
Asymptomatic
64
About clinical effects of taeniasis, CNS symptoms manifests as?
Epilepsy
65
About clinical effects of taeniasis, describe cysticerci cysts?
Are ovoid white to opalescent grape sized and contain Invaginated scolex and hooklets in clear fluid

Histo Path/Morbid Anatomy (15 decks)

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