Infectious disease - Typhoid

Question 1

Human infections with salmonella enterica results in two groups of diseases, list them?

Answer 1

1. Gastroenteritis
2. Typhoid fever

Question 2

How is typhoid transmitted?

Answer 2

Through ingestion of food or drink contaminated by the urine or faeces of infected persons.

Question 3

What are the infection reservoirs of typhoid?

Answer 3

1. Patients with active disease
2. Healthy carriers

Question 4

………………………… is a gram-negative enterobactericae that causes intestinal infection?

Answer 4

Salmonella enterica

Question 5

Typhoid gastroenteritis is caused by?

Answer 5

non-typhoidal salmonella

Question 6

Typhoid fever is caused by typhoidal salmonella serovars, list them?

Answer 6

1. S. enterica var typhi
2. S. enterica var paratyphi A, B and C

Question 7

Typhoid gastroenteritis infection is localized where?

Answer 7

within the bowel

Question 8

Incubation period of typhoid gastroenterirtis is?

Answer 8

12 - 72 hrs

Question 9

Recruiting of neutrophils to site of typhoid gastroenteritis infection is done through?

Answer 9

1. Pathogen recognition receptors (PRR)
2. Toll-like receptors (TLR4 and 5)
3. Nod-like receptors (NLR)

Question 10

PRR, TLR and NLR are found on?

Answer 10

Baso-lateral aspect of intestinal epithelial cells and cells of the lamina propria

Question 11

In pathogenesis of typhoid gastroenteritis, what transcription factors are activated?

Answer 11

NF-Kb
AP-1
IRF3
transcription of IL-8

Question 12

What type of fever is a clinical feature of typhoid fever?

Answer 12

Step ladder pattern

Question 13

Late features of typhoid fever occur in untreated patients during …. and …. weeks and include?

Answer 13

1. 3rd and 4th
2. GI bleeding/perforation, hepatitis, pancreatitis, nephritis, carditis, meningitis, pneumonia and osteomyelitis

Question 14

The incubation period of typhoid fever is?

Answer 14

3 - 50 days

Question 15

Typhoid fever pathogen invades the blood stream through the?

Answer 15

Lymphatic duct

Question 16

in typhoid fever infection, involvement of Peyer’s patches leads to?

Answer 16

1. Inflammatory reaction
2. Infiltration with mononuclear cells
3. Necrosis

Question 17

Typhoid fever infects the liver, spleen, gallbladder, kidney and bone marrow, true or false?

Answer 17

True

Question 18

Describe organ changes of the skin in typhoid fever?

Answer 18

Rose spots (Thrombosed blood vessels and collection of bacilli)

Question 19

Describe the organ changes in the gall bladder with regards to typhoid fever?

Answer 19

Cholecystitis and formation of infected gall stones

Question 20

Describe the organ changes in the spleen with regards to typhoid fever?

Answer 20

Soft and enlarged

Question 21

Describe the organ changes in the kidney with regards to typhoid fever?

Answer 21

Nephritis

Question 22

Describe the organ changes in the liver with regards to typhoid fever?

Answer 22

Enlarged with typhoid nodules and steatosis

Question 23

Describe the organ changes in the GIT with regards to typhoid fever?

Answer 23

1. Hyperplasia of Peyer’s patches
2. inflammation
3. necrosis
4. perforation

Question 24

Diagnostic methods of typhoid include?

Answer 24

1. Blood culture
2. stool culture
3. urine culture
4. bile aspirate culture
5. bone marrow culture
6. co-agglutination method
7. PCR
8. Widal test

Question 25

Typhoid treatment with antibiotics include?

Answer 25

1. ciprofloxacin 2. Trimethoprim-sulphamethoxazole 3. Fluoroquinolones (cipro/levofloxacin) 4. cephalosporin (ceftriaxone)