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Theriogenology > Equine: Mare > Flashcards

Equine: Mare Flashcards

(70 cards)

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1
Q

uterine edema _____________ during estrus period, then ________________ as ovulation approaches and estrogen levels rise and fall

A

increases
decreases

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2
Q

what shape is the follicle when ovulation is soon?

A

“pear” shape or irregular

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3
Q

when might an endometrial biopsy be collected?

A

routine breeding soundness evaluation
pre-purchase evaluation
infertility investigation

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4
Q

what can an endometrial biopsy provide for endometritis?

A

definitive diagnosis
presence and amount of inflammatory cells
degree of fibrosis present
uterine gland abnormalities

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5
Q

why would you perform an endometrial biopsy in addition to a cytology?

A

biopsy can provide prognosis

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6
Q

when should you not breed on a foal heat?

A

problems with foaling
ovulation occurs before 10 days post-partum

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7
Q

what can we use to predict the day/time of ovulation?

A

track estrous cycle
monitor follicular growth
monitor uterine edema
assess for behavioral estrus

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8
Q

should the mare be inseminated before ovulation or after?

A

before ovulation

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9
Q

a minimum of ___________________ progressively motile sperm are recommended for a fresh insemination dose

A

500 million

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10
Q

when is the embryonic vesicle visible on ultrasound?

A

day 11: very small
day 14: more easily seen

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11
Q

what can be palpated to be compatible with pregnancy before the embryonic vesicle can be palpated?

A

uterus has exaggerated tone
cervix closed tight

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12
Q

when is fetal sexing best done?

A

57-68 days

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13
Q

what does PGF2alpha cause?

A

luteolysis of the corpus luteum

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14
Q

what can be given to suppress estrus?

A

altrenogest

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15
Q

what can deslorelin acetate be used for?

A

inducing ovulation

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16
Q

when are mares put under lights to advance the photoperiod?

A

usually starting December 1st

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17
Q

how is equine herpes virus transmitted?

A

direct contact through nasal discharge, genital secretion, contaminated placenta, or the aborted fetus

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18
Q

when does abortion due to equine herpes virus typically occur?

A

between 4th and 10th month
more likely after 8th

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19
Q

what are the routes of infection of equine viral arteritis?

A

respiratory route
venereal route
breeding to infected stallion

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20
Q

when does abortion due to equine viral arteritis occur?

A

2-10 months of gestation
1-2 months after infection

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21
Q

how is equine viral arteritis spread?

A

aerosolized respiratory particles
venereal spread
infected stallions: semen

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22
Q

what is the most common cause of equine placentitis?

A

bacterial infections

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23
Q

what are the clinical signs of placentitis?

A

premature udder development
purulent vulval discharge

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24
Q

how is diagnosis of placentitis primarily made?

A

ultrasound

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25
what percentage of infectious abortions are due to fungi?
2-7%
26
what are some non-infectious abortions?
twins mare reproductive loss syndrome pregnancy of uterine body twisted umbilical cord
27
when does the majority of natural twin elimination occur?
before 40 days
28
what is the current best practice with twins?
manually reduce one at day 14
29
what is rupture of the prepubic tendon?
deformation of ventral abdomen due to weight of uterus on abdominal musculature and support system
30
what is hydrops allantois characterized by?
excessive accumulation of allantoic or amnionic fluid
31
when is uterine artery rupture seen?
shortly after parturition
32
what should you do if there is a retained placenta after 3 hours?
give oxytocin every 2 hours
33
when is endometritis a normal physiological inflammatory response?
after breeding, up to 24-48 hours
34
what are the most common bacteria isolated from mare uteri?
Escherichia coli Streptococcus equi subsp zooepidemicus
35
what causes contagious equine metritis?
Taylorella equigenitalis
36
what is digital examination of the vagina/cervix useful for?
establishing stage of cycle maybe diagnose incomplete relaxation: older maiden mares assess ability of cervix to close if in diestrus
37
what hormones are rising during estrus?
estrogen luteinizing hormone
38
when is there the most endometrial edema during the cycle?
2 days prior to ovulation
39
what does follicle size depend on?
how close to ovulation breed of horse: larger in larger mares
40
what is a uterine culture usually done in conjunction with?
uterine cytology
41
what can be found in a uterine culture?
Streptococcus equi subsp zooepidemicus Escherichia coli Klebsiella pneumoniae Pseudomonas aeruginosa Staphylococcus aureus Candida albicans
42
what is an endometrial biopsy a prognostic indicator for?
ability of mare to carry foal to term
43
what is category one of endometrial biopsy?
normal endometrium may have some changes but unlikely to interfere with carrying a foal to term >70% chance of foaling under good management
44
what are the advantages of a maiden mare?
good fertility >90% seasonal pregnancy rates and 60% per cycle pregnancy rates uterus free from infection and scar tissue
45
what is a foaling mare?
a mare that has foaled during the current breeding season
46
what are the problems with breeding on foal heat?
decreased conception rate increased embryonic loss
47
what should you look for in a barren mare?
physical problems histological changes of endometrium endometritis ovarian tumors oviductal blockage
48
when should you inseminate if you are using fresh semen?
within 48 hours prior to ovulation
49
when should you inseminate if you are using cooled-stored semen?
within 24-48 hours prior to ovulation
50
what are the recommendations for semen in cooled semen insemination?
1 billion progressively motile sperm at concentration of 25-50 million/ml
51
when should you breed with frozen semen?
immediately after ovulation is detected
52
when is the embryo visible on ultrasound?
day 21 heartbeat day 24
53
after what point might the fetus be unable to be palpated?
day 90: resting on floor of uterus
54
what is measured in the fetus with transabdominal ultrasound?
fetal activity fetal heart rate fetal aortic diameter fetal orbital measurements
55
when is the corpus luteum responsive to PGF2alpha?
5 days after ovulation
56
how can you cause an abortion wiht prostaglandins?
one dose if <35 days one dose daily for 3-5 days if >35 days
57
when does altrenogest need to be started to suppress estrus?
when mare in diestrus
58
what does deslorelin acetate cause?
ovulation of follicles 30-40mm approximately 40-42 hours after injection
59
what are the optimal fetal tissues for testing for equine herpes virus?
liver lungs spleen thymus
60
what are the typical clinical signs of equine viral arteritis?
fever respiratory signs edema depression petechial hemorrhages conjunctivitis abortion
61
how can infections causing placentitis occur?
ascending infection hematogenous spread
62
what are the common causative agents of placentitis through hematogenous spread?
Leptospira spp nocardia-type: Crossiella equi and Amycolatopsis spp
63
what are abortions like from mycotic placentitis?
sporadic between 5th and 10th month of gestation
64
when is natural elimination of one twin likely?
if they are adjacent to each other in the same horn
65
what should you do if you find twins after fixation?
abort entire pregnancy and re-breed if it is last breeding of year, can monitor and see if it reduces naturally
66
when does hydrops allantois usually develop?
last trimester of pregnancy
67
what is uterine artery rupture in pregnant mares due to?
weakening of wall of artery
68
what should you do if there is a retained fetal membrane for more than 6-12 hours?
NSAIDs antibiotics lavage with saline
69
what are the signs of contagious equine metritis?
purulent vulvar discharge 8-10 days after breeding severe endometrial inflammation, short cycles, lack of conception
70
what are the most common causes of enlarged ovaries?
granulosa cell tumor hematoma of ovary

Theriogenology (15 decks)

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