Small Animal- Bitch Flashcards
(111 cards)
1
Q
when is vaginal cytology useful?
A
when bitch does not show signs of heat
inexpensive
any practitioner can do
2
Q
when does puberty occur?
A
typically 6-24 months
3
Q
what is the interestrus period?
A
5-7 months on average
diestrus and anestrus: interestrus
4
Q
how long does proestrus usually last?
A
9 days
5
Q
how long does estrus usually last?
A
9 days
6
Q
when does ovulation occur?
A
2-3 days after luteinizing hormone peak
7
Q
how long does diestrus last in the non-pregnant bitch?
A
60 days average
8
Q
how long does anestrus last?
A
average 4-6 months
9
Q
how is brucellosis transmitted?
A
mucosal
10
Q
what are the four types of cells on vaginal cytology?
A
parabasalar
intermediate
superficial
anuclear
11
Q
are serial quantitative progesterone assays accurate for breeding?
A
yes- very accurate
12
Q
what can you use to artificially inseminate bitches?
A
vaginal insemination
trans-cervical insemination
intrauterine/surgical insemination
13
Q
what is a short interestrus interval?
A
<4 months
14
Q
what is anovulatory cycle/split heats?
A
follicular phase with estrogen production is not followed with ovulation as expected
15
Q
who is juvenile vaginitis commonly seen in?
A
puppies
16
Q
what are some causes of post-pubertal vaginitis?
A
anatomy: bands, strictures
foreign bodies
genitourinary infection
17
Q
who is vaginal hyperplasia commonly seen in?
A
young bitches
large breeds
brachycephalic breeds
18
Q
when does pseudocyesis/false pregnancy occur?
A
end of diestrus- 65-70 days after heat
19
Q
when might medical management for pyometra be a good option?
A
open pyometra
cardiovascular stability
good breeding potential
20
Q
how long is gestation?
A
63 days after ovulation
65 days after LH surge
21
Q
when do embryos reach the uterus?
A
10 days post ovulation
22
Q
when can ultrasound diagnose pregnancy?
A
25-35 days
23
Q
when can you see the skull and spine on x-rays?
A
42-45 days
24
Q
when is a good time to take x-rays for a fetal count?
A
> 55 days
25
what releases relaxin?
gravid uterus to relax pelvis and vagina
26
when should you increase caloric intake for pregnancy?
last 1-2 weeks of gestation
27
what are the early signs of parturition?
temperature fall 12-24 hours before labor onset
relaxation of gravid abdomen
mammary engorgement or milk expression
serial progesterone assessments
28
how long can stage 1 of labor last?
>24 hours
29
how often should puppies be delivered during stage 2 of labor?
every 30-60 minutes
30
when is green vaginal discharge normal?
bitch in labor
uteroverdin
31
what is lochia?
green to brown postpartum discharge
no odor
lasts 4-6 weeks
32
what is mismating?
unwanted/unplanned pregnancy
about 50% of the time, they are not pregnant
33
what is alizin/aglepristone?
synthetic progesterone antagonist
used in pyometra and mismating medical management
34
what is Brucella canis?
venereal disease spread through mucosal contact
35
what does Brucella canis cause in bitches?
infertility
abortion
stillbirth
36
how is canine herpesvirus spread?
venereal
transplacental
transvaginal
oronasal
37
what is the mortality rate of canine herpesvirus in pups <1 month old?
nearly 100%
38
where is canine mycoplasma found normally?
upper respiratory and genital tracts in over 75% of dogs
normal bacteria
39
what is hypoluteoidism?
premature failure of progesterone by luteal tissue, causing low progesterone levels that prevent embryonic retention
40
what can you use ultrasound to check for in a dystocia?
fetal motion
fetal heart rate
41
how can you treat primary uterine inertia?
c-section
42
what is agalactia?
lack of milk production
43
how common is agalactia?
very rare
44
what is mastitis?
bacterial infection of mammary glands
localized single or diffuse multiple glands
45
what do cultures for mastitis usually show?
E. coli
S. aureus
46
what is the key sign of postpartum metritis?
purulent vulvar discharge: odorous, systemic illness possible, failure to thrive possible in puppies
47
what is subinvolution of placental sites?
abnormal repair of endometrial placental sites with invasion of trophoblast-like cells
48
what is onset of puberty affected by?
breed
environment
body size and condition
49
what type of estrous cycle do bitches have?
monoestrus
50
when does estrogen rise?
peaks before LH surge before ovulation
end of proestrus
51
what is vaginal cytology like in proestrus?
mix of red blood cells, parabasalar cells, and intermediate cells
mild vulvar swelling and bleeding
52
what are hormone levels like in proestrus/follicular phase?
progesterone levels baseline
increasing estrogen levels
53
what does estrus start with?
LH surge and rising progesterone levels
54
what is vaginal cytology like in estrus?
red blood cells
increasing superficial and anulcear cells/cornification
55
what are hormones like in estrus?
rising progesterone
estrogen levels decrease
56
how long does the LH peak last?
8-24 hours
57
when do ova mature?
2 days after ovulation
4 days after LH peak
58
what is vaginal cytology like in diestrus/luteal phase?
influx of parabasalar cells and neutrophils
59
when are bitches fertile?
days 4-7 after LH surge
60
how old should a bitch be before breeding?
minimum 2 years
61
how can you test for brucellosis?
AGID gold standard, long time
RSAT in-house serology: high sensitivity, false positives can occur
IFA: 24 hours
62
is there a vaccine for brucellosis?
no
63
what can you use for ovulation timing management?
vaginal cytology
progesterone testing
LH testing
64
what are the cons of vaginal cytology?
subject to interpretation
cannot predict ovulation
bitches may be sensitive to sampling, especially if not in estrus
65
what are the cons of progesterone testing?
expensive
12-24 hour turnaround through Idexx labs
66
when is LH testing best used?
when paired with serial/intermittent progesterone testing
67
what does LH testing require for precision?
daily sampling
can use frozen serum
68
what is the breeding technique decision based on?
bitch's ovulatory cycle
stud dog availability and semen lifespan
cost
69
how long is fresh semen viable in the bitch?
5-7 days
70
how long is chilled semen viable in the bitch?
48-72 hours
71
which types of semen can be used for vaginal insemination?
fresh
chilled?
72
what can cause no estrous cycle?
chromosomal abnormalities
endocrine diseases
medications
73
what can cause a long interestrus interval?
aging: >6 years
endocrine disease
74
why is a short interestrus interval a problem?
uterus cannot involute properly
75
what can cause a short interestrus interval?
uterine infection
inadequate luteal phase: hypoluteoidism
76
what are the reproductive diseases in the non-pregnant bitch?
vaginitis
vaginal hyperplasia
vaginal prolapse
pseudocyesis
pyometra
77
what are the clinical signs of vaginitis?
clear or yellow-tinged vulvar discharge
acne-like appearance to vulva
constant licking
78
how can you treat juvenile vaginitis?
self-limiting, often does not recur
no antibiotics
probiotics
79
what should you rule out for post-pubertal vaginitis?
estrus
postpartum lochia
uterine disease- pyometra
80
what is vaginal hyperplasia?
hypertrophied vaginal floor protrudes out of vulva
secondary to effects of estrogen
81
when can vaginal prolapse occur?
estrus
pregnancy
postpartum
82
should you spay a dog in late estrus or diestrus?
no- wait 4-6 weeks
83
what is pyometra secondary to?
cystic endometrial hyperplasia
progesterone-induced disease but estrogen enhances
84
what can you use for contraception?
deslorelin/suprelorin implants
ovary-sparing spay
85
what are deslorelin implants approved by the FDA for?
ferrets with adrenocortical disease
86
what are deslorelin implants?
slow-release GnRH agonist
87
what maintains pregnancy in the bitch?
corpus luteum
not fetus
88
when does implantation occur?
16-18 days
89
what is placentation in bitches?
zonary
endotheliochorial
90
when can pregnancy be diagnosed by abdominal palpation?
20-25 days
91
when can you see teeth on radiographs?
56-61 days
92
when is relaxin assay best used for pregnancy diagnosis?
after 30 days
93
are there any supplements that should be used during pregnancy?
folic acid/vitamin B9 in brachycephalic breeds
94
what is vaginal discharge like in stage I of labor?
clear to watery vaginal discharge
95
what is vaginal discharge like in stage II of labor?
clear, watery, serosanguinous and green- uteroverdin
96
what are the infectious causes of abortion?
Brucella canis
canine herpesvirus
Mycoplasma
97
how common is early embryonic loss?
can be up to 30% of pregnancies
98
what are the treatment possibilities for mismating?
allow to have litter
OHE
medical management of abortion
99
what can be given to induce abortion in mismating?
prostaglandins
progesterone antagonist alizin (only in USA with special USDA license)
100
is Brucella canis zoonotic?
yes
101
where is a vaccine for canine herpesvirus available?
only EU
102
what is seen on necropsy with canine herpesvirus?
hemorrhagic lesions/petechiae in lungs, kidneys, liver, spleen
white focal lesions on underdeveloped placenta
103
how can you diagnose hypoluteoidism?
confirm viable fetuses on ultrasound
serum progesterone <15 ng/ml is red flag, monitor trends
104
what are the treatment options for hypoluteoidism?
progesterone in oil
altrenogest
oral micronized progesterone
105
what is pregnancy toxemia?
life threatening condition of dam and fetuses
late pregnancy hypoglycemia and ketonemia/ketonuria
106
why should you do a digital exam with a dystocia?
check for vaginal tone and contractions
107
how should oxytocin be doses for a nonobstructive dystocia?
microdoses intermittently
high doses saturate receptors and are ineffective
108
how can you treat agalactia?
domperidone or metoclopramide
oxytocin
hydration
anti-anxiety meds
109
what is galactostasis?
excessive milk production without demand, seen typically during weaning
110
when is postpartum metritis usually seen?
within 3 weeks postpartum
111
how can you diagnose eclampsia?
serum ionized calcium measurements
