Camelid

Question 1

what does ovulation depend on?

Answer 1

size of follicle at time of copulation

Question 2

what is a small follicle?

Answer 2

4-5mm
will not ovulate

Question 3

what size of follicle will ovulate?

Answer 3

growing: 6-7mm
mature: 8-12mm

Question 4

what maintains pregnancy in camelids?

Answer 4

corpus luteum

Question 5

where are most camelid pregancies?

Answer 5

95% in left horn

Question 6

how long does stage II of labor last in camelids?

Answer 6

60-90 minutes

Question 7

when is there a small amount of lochia after birth?

Answer 7

first week postpartum

Question 8

when is lactational anestrus?

Answer 8

4-12 months

Question 9

what can be seen on day 12 of pregnancy with ultrasound?

Answer 9

irregular collection of fluid

Question 10

what is the chance of a camelid losing its pregnancy after 60 days?

Answer 10

5% chance

Question 11

how common is dystocia?

Answer 11

less than 2%- rare

Question 12

what is the most common cause of dystocia?

Answer 12

shoulder lock

Question 13

what are the risk factors for uterine torsions?

Answer 13

large fetus, male fetus, breed, maternal illness
dam behavior- rolling, right horn pregnancies, prolonged gestation

Question 14

how can you treat a uterine torsion?

Answer 14

roll female
laparotomy with correction and close
c-section

Question 15

are llamas or alpacas more prone to clockwise uterine torsion?

Answer 15

llamas

Question 16

what can cause uterine prolapse?

Answer 16

dystocia
manual removal of placenta
excessive use of oxytocin
hypocalcemia
selenium deficiency

Question 17

what are some causes of infertility?

Answer 17

mismating/human error with hand mating
abnormal ovarian function
developmental abnormalities
immaturity
infection/inflammation
behavioral

Question 18

what does a luteal cyst look like?

Answer 18

thick-walled large ovarian structure on ultrasound

Question 19

what is a hemorrhagic follicle?

Answer 19

anovulatory follicle which fills with blood
does not disrupt cycle

Question 20

what happens in ovulation failuree?

Answer 20

inadequate LH release following breeding when a mature follicle is present

Question 21

how common are developmental abnormalities?

Answer 21

more common in camelids than any other species

Question 22

how can you diagnose endometritis?

Answer 22

rectal and/or ultrasound exam
vaginal speculum/vaginoscopy
culture/cytology and biopsy

Question 23

what does cervical incompetence happen secondary to?

Answer 23

obstetrical trauma

Question 24

when should you give prostaglandins?

Answer 24

luteal regression/cystic
metritis
therapeutic abortion or induction

Question 25

what induces ovulation?

Answer 25

cervical stimulation ovulation-inducing factor

Question 26

when does ovulation occur?

Answer 26

24-30 hours post copulation

Question 27

what size is a regressing follicle?

Answer 27

10-7mm

Question 28

how long is gestation?

Answer 28

335-350 days can be >365 days

Question 29

how long is stage I of labor?

Answer 29

<6 hours

Question 30

when are 80% of camelids born?

Answer 30

6am-1pm

Question 31

how long is stage III of labor?

Answer 31

45 mins-3 hours

Question 32

when is the uterus back to normal size?

Answer 32

day 21

Question 33

when should you rebreed postpartum?

Answer 33

14-21 days can ovulate 2-3 weeks postpartum with good conception rates (worse if <14 days and >3o days)

Question 34

what should you do if she is not receptive a week after being bred?

Answer 34

test again in a week: if still not receptive, probably pregnant

Question 35

what is progesterone like in a pregnant camelid?

Answer 35

>1-2 ng/ml if <1 ng/ml, not pregnant more "open" test than pregnancy test- not specific to pregnancy

Question 36

who is pregnancy specific protein B useful in for diagnosing pregnancy?

Answer 36

not camelids cattle, sheep, goats

Question 37

when is the embryo visible in most in transrectal ultrasound?

Answer 37

day 22+ heartbeat by day 24+

Question 38

when can you diagnose pregnancy with transabdominal ultrasound?

Answer 38

35-45 days mid to late term difficult to see- not a lot of fluid

Question 39

when are uterine torsions common?

Answer 39

2-6 weeks prior to due date

Question 40

what can you give to induce parturition?

Answer 40

fluprostenol: live cria dexamethasone: dead cria

Question 41

how can you diagnose uterine torsion?

Answer 41

vaginal exam: not always rectal laparotomy

Question 42

what are follicular cysts like?

Answer 42

existence is controversial temporary, lasted 9 days cystic follicles

Question 43

how can you treat a luteal cyst?

Answer 43

cloprosterone

Question 44

how common is ovulation failure?

Answer 44

10%

Question 45

how can you treat ovulation failure?

Answer 45

GnRH or hCG at time of breeding do not rebreed within 48 hours: increase risk trauma

Question 46

what can cause ovarian inactivity?

Answer 46

poor body condition lactational anestrus chronic disease

Question 47

what are some common developmental abnormalities?

Answer 47

hypoplastic ovaries segmental aplasia imperforate hymen uterus unicornis double cervix

Question 48

how common is endometritis?

Answer 48

common in female camelids with history of infertility

Question 49

what can cause a pyometra?

Answer 49

obstetric induced cervical scarring

Question 50

which prostaglandin can you use in camelids and which can you not?

Answer 50

cloprostenol/estrumate: good dinoprost/lutalyse: fatal reactions

Question 51

how can you induce ovulation or treat a follicular cyst?

Answer 51

hCG GnRH

Question 52

what is progestin indicated for?

Answer 52

synchronize follicular wave? maintain pregnancy in female with luteal insufficiency

Question 53

how can you collect semen?

Answer 53

electroejaculation specialized AV aspirate or scoop vagina

Question 54

what is semen like?

Answer 54

1-3ml very slow, highly viscous low concentration

Question 55

what is morphology for semen?

Answer 55

>70% for highly fertile males, not concrete standards