Small Ruminant Theriogenology

Question 1

what is the ratio for pasture mating?

Answer 1

1:50 for mature rams
1:25 for ram lambs
up to 1:100 if tightly confined and managed

Question 2

what is the goal of flushing?

Answer 2

increase BCS to increase the body’s ability to ovulate/ovulate multiples

Question 3

what are the options for prostaglandin injections?

Answer 3

lutalyse: dinoprost
estrumate: cloprostenol

Question 4

what needs to happen for prostaglandin injections to work?

Answer 4

corpus luteum must be at 5-7 days post ovulation/old

Question 5

what is the time period from injection of prostaglandin to behavioral heat?

Answer 5

24-48 hours

Question 6

what can cause acyclic or irregular cyclicity?

Answer 6

follicular cyst
luteal cyst

Question 7

how accurate is biopryn blood test ELISA for pregnancy diagnosis?

Answer 7

97% accurate

Question 8

when can you use transrectal ultrasound?

Answer 8

pregnancy detection early gestation: days 19-25 and later

Question 9

who does Campylobacter cause abortions in?

Answer 9

sheep
very rare in goats

Question 10

what causes Campylobacter abortions?

Answer 10

C. fetus fetus
C. jejuni jejuni
C. lari

Question 11

what are the clinical signs of Campylobacter?

Answer 11

late term abortions
stillbirths
weak lambs

Question 12

how can Campylobacter be treated?

Answer 12

tetracycline

Question 13

what does Campylobacter cause in humans?

Answer 13

enteritis

Question 14

who does Chlamydophila affect?

Answer 14

sheep
goats

Question 15

how is Chlamydophila transmitted?

Answer 15

venereal

Question 16

how can you treat Chlamydophila?

Answer 16

tetracycline

Question 17

what is the causative agent of Q fever?

Answer 17

Coxiella burnetii

Question 18

what does Toxoplasmosis cause in people?

Answer 18

birth defects

Question 19

how is cache valley virus transmitted?

Answer 19

mosquito

Question 20

when should you be suspicious of cache valley virus?

Answer 20

when there is epizootic of congenital abnormalities affected CNS and musculoskeletal systems in geographic area

Question 21

what are the causes of vaginal prolapse?

Answer 21

genetics
clover: high in estrogen

Question 22

what are the treatments for vaginal prolapse?

Answer 22

prolapse retainer
prolapse harness
induce parturition
C-section

Question 23

who is ringwomb common in?

Answer 23

more in ewe than doe

Question 24

does ringwomb usually reoccur?

Answer 24

no

Question 25

what are the causes of uterine prolapse?

Answer 25

dystocia hypocalcemia

Question 26

when is the placenta usually passed?

Answer 26

within 6 hours after parturition

Question 27

who are retained fetal membranes more common in?

Answer 27

sheep than goats

Question 28

what are the indications for a breeding soundness exam?

Answer 28

pre-purchase pre-breeding post-breeding problem

Question 29

what is the minimum scrotal circumference for a ram more than 14 months old?

Answer 29

33cm

Question 30

what is the minimum motility and morphology for rams?

Answer 30

motility: 30% morphology: 70%

Question 31

how is Brucella ovis spread to other rams?

Answer 31

ram to ram direct contact

Question 32

how can you use management to increase conception?

Answer 32

healthy females and males environment flushing

Question 33

what is lutalyse/dinoprost?

Answer 33

natural prostaglandin

Question 34

what is estrumate/cloprostenol?

Answer 34

synthetic prostaglandin

Question 35

why are two shots, 11 days apart, of prostaglandin better than one?

Answer 35

corpus luteum needs to be 5-7 days old/post ovulation to be able to respond to PGF2alpha

Question 36

does controlled internal drug release progesterone work for non-cycling animals?

Answer 36

yes, but not as efficient as during breeding season

Question 37

what does a follicular cyst look like clinically?

Answer 37

showing signs of heat frequently

Question 38

what does a luteal cyst look like clinically?

Answer 38

not showing any signs of heat

Question 39

what can you use to diagnose pregnancy?

Answer 39

marking harness/crayon blood test: biopryn doppler real-time ultrasound

Question 40

is ultrasound reliable for estimating fetal number or age?

Answer 40

less reliable

Question 41

what do 40% of lambs with Campylobacter have?

Answer 41

orange-yellow necrotic foci on liver

Question 42

how many times do ewes abort with Chlamydophila?

Answer 42

once, but then still transmit when ovulate

Question 43

what are the cotyledons like with Chlamydophila?

Answer 43

necrotic, reddish-brown with thickened brown intercotyledonary areas covered by exudate

Question 44

how is Q fever transmitted?

Answer 44

inhalation ingestion direct contact birth fluids or placenta

Question 45

what are the clinical signs of Toxoplasmosis?

Answer 45

early: resorption or mummification late: abortions or perinatal death

Question 46

what are the clinical signs of cache valley virus?

Answer 46

infertility abortions stillbirths congenital abnormalities weak-born lambs

Question 47

what are the clinical signs of ringwomb?

Answer 47

in labor without progress 1-2 finger cervical dilation

Question 48

what is the cause of ringwomb?

Answer 48

unknown maybe genetics or nutritional deficiency

Question 49

what is the cause of uterine torsion?

Answer 49

rolling during late pregnancy

Question 50

how can you treat uterine prolapse?

Answer 50

replace buhner stitch calcium administration

Question 51

what are the causes of retained fetal membranes?

Answer 51

selenium deficiency infectious abortion hypocalcemia dystocia

Question 52

what is the minimal scrotal circumference for a ram more than 14 months old?

Answer 52

33 cm

Question 53

what does Brucella ovis cause?

Answer 53

rams: epididymitis/orchitis, infertility ewes: often unaffected, but can abort or have placentitis