Equine: Stallion

Question 1

what does the spermatic cord contain?

Answer 1

testicular artery
pampiniform plexus
lymphatic vessels
deferent duct
cremaster muscle

Question 2

is examination of the internal genitalia of a stallion performed in a reproductive examination?

Answer 2

not always

Question 3

what is testicular size correlated with?

Answer 3

daily sperm output

Question 4

what does a positive test in the post-ejaculate for venereal disease indicate?

Answer 4

infection of urethra, accessory sex glands, or epididymis

Question 5

what will libido and mating ability be greatly influenced by?

Answer 5

intended use of the stallion

Question 6

what can be used in stallions that are not trained to collect into an artificial vagina?

Answer 6

chemical ejaculation

Question 7

when is semen collected in a breeding soundness exam?

Answer 7

twice, one hour apart

Question 8

what is evaluated in semen?

Answer 8

gross evaluation of semen quality
pH
volume
concentration
motility
morphology

Question 9

what can color changes be associated with?

Answer 9

presence of:
debris
blood
urine
purulent material

Question 10

what is the normal pH of semen?

Answer 10

slightly alkaline: 7.2-7.7

Question 11

what can you use to find the concentration of semen?

Answer 11

spectrophotometer
hemocytometer
nucleocounter

Question 12

what does total motility refer to?

Answer 12

percentage of sperm that exhibit any type of movement

Question 13

what should the appearance of the testicular parenchyma be on ultrasound?

Answer 13

homogenous
gray
slightly granular

Question 14

what is daily sperm output?

Answer 14

number of sperm available for ejaculation during one day after depletion of extragonadal sperm reserves

Question 15

what does depletion of extragonadal reserves involve for daily sperm output?

Answer 15

collection from stallion once daily for minimum of 5-7 days

Question 16

what provides a better reflection of daily sperm output than total scrotal width?

Answer 16

testicular volume: more accurate

Question 17

what is the normal value for ejaculate volume?

Answer 17

70ml: range 30-250ml

Question 18

what is the most reliable endocrine assay for cryptorchidism?

Answer 18

anti-mullerian hormone

Question 19

why is urine in semen (urospermia) and issue?

Answer 19

negatively impacts semen quality and stallion fertility
can induce inflammation in uterus following live cover or insemination

Question 20

what is hemospermia?

Answer 20

presence of blood in semen

Question 21

what are the common causes of hemospermia?

Answer 21

lesions on glans penis or external urethral process
seminal vesiculitis
rent or teat in the proximal urethra

Question 22

what is azoospermia?

Answer 22

ejaculated seminal fluids devoid of sperm

Question 23

what should investigation of azoospermia seek to establish?

Answer 23

if an ejaculate is produced

Question 24

what is priapism?

Answer 24

an erection that persists after cessation of sexual stimulation
true priapism is rare in stallion

Question 25

what are the causes of paraphimosis?

Answer 25

trauma preputial edema secondary to systemic disease phenothiazine tranquilizers: acepromazine

Question 26

what is phimosis?

Answer 26

inability of horse to protrude its penis from prepuce

Question 27

what systemic diseases can cause paraphimosis?

Answer 27

purpura hemorrhagica dourine emaciation

Question 28

where is the spermatic cord located?

Answer 28

cranial aspect of testicle

Question 29

where is the tail of the epididymis?

Answer 29

caudal pole of testicle

Question 30

what should be examined of a horse's penis and sheath?

Answer 30

ability to extend/retract, erect penis pathology: ulceration, infection, tumors, abrasions, lacerations signs abnormal discharge check for bean in urethral fossa and remove

Question 31

why might the internal genitalia of a stallion per rectum be performed?

Answer 31

abnormal history physical examination findings sub-fertility abnormal semen parameters

Question 32

what is the satisfactory minimum total scrotal width?

Answer 32

8 cm

Question 33

where should you swab for venereal disease?

Answer 33

urethral fossa urethra shaft of penis prepuce

Question 34

what are the key pathogens for venereal disease?

Answer 34

Taylorella equigenitalis Trypanosoma equiperdum equine viral arteritis equine herpesviruses piroplasmosis pseudomonas spp klebsiella spp

Question 35

what percentage of horses will ejaculate in response to imipramine and xylazine?

Answer 35

30-75%

Question 36

what are ejaculates like from chemical ejaculation?

Answer 36

low volume high in sperm concentration

Question 37

what fraction of the semen is removed with evaluating semen?

Answer 37

gel fraction

Question 38

what is the normal semen pH?

Answer 38

slightly alkaline: 7.2-7.7

Question 39

what does establishing the concentration and volume allow?

Answer 39

total sperm number to be calculated

Question 40

what does progressive motility refer to?

Answer 40

sperm that exhibit forward motility across the microscopic field or are moving in a large circular path

Question 41

what are the common defects of the acrosome?

Answer 41

knobbed roughed detached acrosomes

Question 42

what are some common head defects?

Answer 42

under-developed: microcephalic large: macrocephalic

Question 43

what may diffuse increased echodensity indicate in the testicles?

Answer 43

testicular fibrosis

Question 44

what can daily sperm output be used to estimate?

Answer 44

number of mares he can breed daily during the season

Question 45

what is the range of sperm concentration normal?

Answer 45

30-600 million/ml 120 million/ml

Question 46

what is the ratio of extender to semen for shipped cooled semen?

Answer 46

at least 3:1 to dilute seminal plasma effects

Question 47

how many progressively motile and morphologically normal sperm need to be placed in a mare's uterus to ensure a consistent and optimal chance of conceiving?

Answer 47

500 x 10^6

Question 48

how can you treat urospermia?

Answer 48

dilute semen centrifugation of semen

Question 49

what might cause azoospermia if an ejaculate is produced?

Answer 49

semen outflow obstruction underlying testicular dysfunction

Question 50

how can paraphimosis be treated?

Answer 50

elevate and support lubricate/wrap with emollient antimicrobial dressing NSAIDs exercise hydrotherapy massage