Small Animal- Neonatal and Pediatric Care

Question 1

what ages are pediatric?

Answer 1

up to 12 weeks

Question 2

what is normal heart rate at birth for puppies?

Answer 2

> 200 bpm

Question 3

what increases respiration after birth?

Answer 3

physical stimulation

Question 4

what is USG prior to 8 weeks of age?

Answer 4

1.006-1.017

Question 5

what is meconium?

Answer 5

first stool
combination of amniotic fluid, mucous, bile, epithelial cells

Question 6

when can ileus occur in pediatrics?

Answer 6

when temperature is <96 degrees F

Question 7

when is the liver fully mature in pediatrics?

Answer 7

by 10 weeks

Question 8

when do pediatrics stand?

Answer 8

3 weeks

Question 9

when do eyelids open?

Answer 9

by 10-16 days

Question 10

what should you do for healthy whelped puppies?

Answer 10

remove fetal membranes
clamp and ligate umbilicus
dry puppy, mild stimulation

Question 11

what should you check in a neonatal physical exam?

Answer 11

lack of cleft palate
normal umbilicus
patent urethra and anus
pink and moist mucous membranes
suckle reflex present
squirming/rooting and vocalizations are normal

Question 12

why is thermoregulation important for pediatrics?

Answer 12

high surface area:body mass ratio
no body fat
unable to shiver or vasoconstrict immediately

Question 13

what does hypothermia induce?

Answer 13

ileus

Question 14

what is normal blood glucose at birth?

Answer 14

> 50 mg/dl
2.9 mmol/L

Question 15

what are the signs of hypoglycemia?

Answer 15

failure to suckle
lethargy or depression, mental dullness
agitation or vocalizations rarely
tremors or seizures

Question 16

what is best to evaluate hydration with in pediatrics?

Answer 16

mucosa
urine color
skin tenting not reliable

Question 17

when do neonates double in birth weight/

Answer 17

by days 11-12

Question 18

what usually causes neonatal conjunctivitis?

Answer 18

staph or strep spp

Question 19

what is onset of signs like with canine herpesvirus?

Answer 19

sudden onset at 1-2 weeks of age

Question 20

what does necropsy of canine herpesvirus show?

Answer 20

hemorrhagic lesions/petechiae on lungs, kidneys, liver, spleen
white focal lesions on (underdeveloped) placenta

Question 21

what is a neonate?

Answer 21

0-2 weeks

Question 22

what is a puppy?

Answer 22

3-9 months

Question 23

what is a juvenile?

Answer 23

3-6 months

Question 24

what is the blood pressure like of pediatrics/puppies?

Answer 24

hypotensive
birth: 54/30
4 weeks: 70/45

Question 25

cardiac flow through _______________ until birth

Answer 25

ductus arteriosus

Question 26

what stimulates surfactant?

Answer 26

increased fetal cortisol stress of birth

Question 27

when do testicles descend in dogs?

Answer 27

4-6 weeks

Question 28

what is the GI tract like at birth?

Answer 28

sterile: rabidly colonized by maternal flora

Question 29

what is the liver like in dogs?

Answer 29

immature at birth rapidly develops first 4 weeks mature by 10 weeks

Question 30

what is the musculoskeletal development like of pediatrics?

Answer 30

change from flexor to extensor dominance at 5 days stand at 3 weeks walk at 4 weeks run at 6 weeks

Question 31

when is sight evident?

Answer 31

by 3 weeks

Question 32

when do dog eyelids open (ankyloblepharon)?

Answer 32

10-16 days

Question 33

when do ear canals open?

Answer 33

12-14 days ears fully developed by 5 weeks

Question 34

what is total protein like in young dogs?

Answer 34

decreased until 6 weeks low albumin due to immature liver function

Question 35

when are neonatal mortality rates greatest?

Answer 35

first week of life

Question 36

what is reflex bradycardia in newborns?

Answer 36

normal protective mechanism do not use atropine epinephrine can be used in emergencies

Question 37

what drugs can be given to the dam after a C section?

Answer 37

tramadol or single dose of NSAIDs oxytocin SQ to stimulate uterine involution

Question 38

what is normal temperature of a 1 week old?

Answer 38

96-98

Question 39

what is normal temperature of a 3 week old?

Answer 39

99-100.5

Question 40

why is overheating a problem in neonates?

Answer 40

dehydration

Question 41

when are antibodies (IgG, IgM, IgA) absorbed from colostrum?

Answer 41

first 24 hours

Question 42

what is in colostrum?

Answer 42

antibodies: IgG>IgM, IgA proteins, fats, vitamins, minerals, no carbs

Question 43

why do pediatrics have high metabolic rates?

Answer 43

large brain:body mass ratio minimal glycogen stores limited glycogenic precursors renal glucose loss

Question 44

what is normal blood glucose at one month of age?

Answer 44

>100mg/dl

Question 45

what are some causes of hypoglycemia?

Answer 45

agalactia trauma sepsis parasitism diarrhea

Question 46

what deficiency should you watch for in a queen postpartum?

Answer 46

taurine

Question 47

when should you aim to finish weaning?

Answer 47

by 8 weeks

Question 48

what are the energy requirements from 5-8 weeks?

Answer 48

200-220kcal metabolizable energy per kg body weight

Question 49

how much weight should puppies and kittens gain a day?

Answer 49

5-10% lose 10% in first 1-2 days

Question 50

what are the causes of sepsiss?

Answer 50

failure of passive transfer umbilical infection- oomphalitis pneumonia gastrointestinal

Question 51

what are the core vaccines?

Answer 51

DAPP rabies

Question 52

what is anasarca?

Answer 52

water baby: congenital, comes with other issues

Question 53

who is swimmer syndrome seen in?

Answer 53

dogs with underdeveloped appendicular skeletons and short legs

Question 54

what can immaturity/runting be associated with?

Answer 54

inherited or acquired congenital defects

Question 55

what causes toxic milk syndrome?

Answer 55

occult mastitis: Staph, E. coli, Proteus, Strep, Klebsiella

Question 56

how are litters exposed to canine herpesvirus?

Answer 56

transplacental or transvaginal

Question 57

can you administer dewormers during pregnancy?

Answer 57

yes- some

Question 58

how prevalent are intestinal parasites?

Answer 58

25%

Question 59

how early can roundworm/hookworm treatments be started?

Answer 59

2 weeks of age repeat every 2-3 weeks tapeworms, fleas, heartworm at 8-10 weeks

Question 60

how can you treat coccidial diarrhea?

Answer 60

supportive care sulfadimethoxine/albon