ETC

Question 1

Where does the ETC take place?

Answer 1

inner mitochondrial membrane (all tissues)

Question 2

what are the products of ETC?

Answer 2

CO2
H2O
NADH
FADH2

Question 3

what is the permeability difference of the inner and outer mitochondrial membrane?

Answer 3

inner membrane= impermeable to most things

outer membrane= freely permeable to most things

Question 4

what structures make up the inner membrane?

Answer 4

cistae (convoluted structures that increase SA)

Question 5

How many different complexes are found on the inner mitochondrial membrane (part of the ETC)?

Answer 5

5

Question 6

What is the specific function of Complex V?

Answer 6

catalyzes ATP synthesis and is called ATP synthase

Question 7

what are the 2 domains of Complex V?

Answer 7

F0 and F1

Question 8

what metal do cytochromes share in common?

Answer 8

iron

Question 9

what special metal does complex IV have in addition to iron?

Answer 9

copper

Question 10

NADH is a strong electron _________ and O2 is a strong electron _________

Answer 10

donor; acceptor

Question 11

as electrons travel through the chain, which side of the membrane are protons pumped too?

Answer 11

the outside

Question 12

what kind of gradient is created from the pumping of protons (i.e. what is in and what is out)?

Answer 12

outside is more positive

outside is lower pH

Question 13

what does Amytal (barbiturate) interfere w/?

Answer 13

Complex 1

Question 14

what does Rotenone interfere w/?

Answer 14

Complex 1

Question 15

What does Antimycin A interfere w/?

Answer 15

Complex 3

Question 16

how does cyanide act as a poison?

Answer 16

it IRREVERSIBLY binds to the FE3+ in Complex 4

Question 17

how does carbon monoxide affect the ETC?

Answer 17

binds reversibly to Complex 4

Question 18

how does sodium azide affect the ETC?

Answer 18

binds to Fe3+ in Complex 4

Question 19

how does oligomycin affect the ETC?

Answer 19

binds to the F0 domain in complex 5; eventually the ETC will build up a gradient that can’t be dissipated and it will stop

Question 20

what are uncoupling proteins??

Answer 20

proteins found in the mitochondrial membrane that allow H+ to flow back into the cytosol without going through complex V (i.e. making ATP)

Question 21

what do proteins going through uncoupling proteins produce?

Answer 21

heat through non shivering thermogenesis

Question 22

what are synthetic uncouplers?

Answer 22

compounds that increase the permeability of the inner mitochondrial membrane to protons

Question 23

what are 2 examples of synthetic uncouplers?

Answer 23

salicylic acid

2,4-dinitrophenol

Question 24

where do reactive oxygen species come from in the ETC?

Answer 24

the incomplete reduction of O2 to water

Question 25

what is reperfusion injury?

Answer 25

after a period of time w/o oxygen (and thus no ETC activity) and the sudden introduction of oxygen, a large burst of ETC activity can occur that causes a huge production of ROS

Question 26

what in the cell can neutralize ROS?

Answer 26

superoxide dismutase catalase glutathione peroxidase antioxidant vitamins

Question 27

what type of diseases will result from mutations in oxidative phosphorylation in the mitochondria

Answer 27

neuropathies | myopathies

Question 28

what are the basic steps of apoptosis in mitochondria?

Answer 28

cytochrome C exit through pores cytochrome C interacts w/ proapoptotic factors that activate caspases caspases cleave proteins that cause apoptosis