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CMSD5290 Intro to Neuroscience > Etiologies of Neurogenic Communication Disorders ll > Flashcards

Etiologies of Neurogenic Communication Disorders ll Flashcards

1
Q

Give 7 examples of Neurogenic Communication Disorders:

A

Cerebrovascular Disorders
Traumatic Brain Injury
Epilepsy
Multiple Sclerosis
Parkinson’s Disease
Huntington’s Disease
Alzheimer’s Disease

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2
Q

What is Multiple Sclerosis?

A

Degenerative disorder characterized by patchy loss of myelin (i.e., plaques) in motor and/or sensory tracts of brain and/or spinal cord

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3
Q

At what age is Multiple sclerosis usually diagnosed?

A

Usually diagnosed < 40 yrs

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4
Q

What causes MS?

A

The cause is unknown, but it is likely due to auto-immune response

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5
Q

In MS the symptoms are ______________ and_____________________

A

unpredictable and vary from person to person

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6
Q

What are symptoms an MS patient could experience? (5)

A
  • Motor symptoms (e.g., weakness, loss of coordination)
  • Sensory disturbances (e.g., vision, audition, somatosensory)
  • Speech disturbance (e.g., dysarthria, hypophonia)
  • Cognitive impairment (esp. attention, short-term memory)
  • Extreme fatigue
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7
Q

What can we say about the speed of onsets and the remission in MS?

A

Rapid onset of symptoms usually followed by complete remission for weeks to years

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8
Q

What can we say about the subsequent episodes in MS?

A

Subsequent episodes are unpredictable and associated symptoms remit less completely or not at all

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9
Q

What are motor disorders?

A

Disorders marked by abnormalities in controlling movement and posture due to basal ganglia dysfunction

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10
Q

What is a degenerative condition?

A

Progressive, often irreversible deterioration, and loss of function in the organs or tissues.

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11
Q

What can Motor Disorders produce as they progress?

A

cognitive/communicative deficits

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12
Q

What are two types of kinetic disorders can Motor Disorders produce? (2)

A
  • Hypokinetic
  • Hyperkinetic
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13
Q

What is the most hypokinetic motor disorder?

A

Parkinson’s Disease

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14
Q

Is Parkinson’s common or uncommon?

A

Common neurologic disease

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15
Q

What is the mean age of onset of Parkinson’s?

A

60

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16
Q

What can we say about Parkinson’s symptoms over time? (2)

A
  • Over time, more symptoms arise (rate of change is variable)
  • Slowly progressive (usually 10-20 yrs before symptoms cause severe disability)
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17
Q

What is Parkinson’s Disease marked by in the substantia nigra and basal ganglia?

A

Includes marked degeneration of substantia nigra and loss of dopamine projections to BG

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18
Q

What can we expect to see at the substantia nigra in a horizontal section of the brain from Parkinson’s?

A

Diminished substantia nigra

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19
Q

What can we expect to see in the transmission of neurotransmitters from Parkinson’s?

A

There would be less dopamine NT projections to the post-synaptic neuron

20
Q

What are Positive symptoms?

A

Addition of abnormal behaviors and functions

21
Q

What are Negative symptoms?

A

lessening or absence of normal behaviors and functions

22
Q

What are positive symptoms of Parkinson’s Disease? (3)

A
  • Tremor at rest (esp. “pill-rolling”)
  • Rigidity (increased tone in extensor and flexor muscles, “cogwheel rigidity”)
  • Akathesia (involuntary movements)
23
Q

What are negative symptoms of Parkinson’s Disease? (5)

A
  • Postural disorders (difficulty maintaining posture)
  • Righting disorders (difficulty standing up)
  • Locomotive disorders (shuffling gait, festination)
  • Speech disturbances (esp. aprosodia, hypophonia, dysarthria)
  • Akinesia (slowness of movement, masked face)
24
Q

What are psychological aspects of Parkinson’s disease? (3)

A
  • Psychological symptoms vary like motor symptoms
  • Slowed thinking, attention & ECF impairments are common
  • May have general cognitive deterioration (Parkinson’s dementia)
25
Q

Is there a cure for Parkinson’s Disease? If yes, what are they?

A

No, there is no cure

26
Q

What are treatments of Parkinson’s Disease? (3)

A

Pharmacologic (L-Dopa esp. dopamine agonists)
Surgery
Deep brain stimulation

27
Q

What is an uncommon hyperkinetic neurologic disorder?

A

Huntington’s Disease

28
Q

True or False: Huntington’s is a hypokinetic neurodegenerative disorder?

A

False, Hyperkinetic neurodegenerative disorder

29
Q

True or False: Huntington’s Disease is hereditary.

A

True

30
Q

At what ages does the onset gradually occur?

A

Gradual onset usually between 30 and 50 years

31
Q

What is the lifespan of HD patient after the diagnosis?

A

12 to 20 year lifespan

32
Q

What are symptoms of HD? (4)

A
  • Chorea (involuntary, irregular movements that may appear semi-purposeful)
  • Motor deficits (e.g., in speech, swallowing, writing)
  • Cognitive deficits (esp. in attention, memory, mental speed)
  • Emotional changes (e.g., depression, anxiety, mania)
33
Q

What causes HD?

A

Basal ganglia dysfunction (GABA & ACh neurons die, increasing DA release)

34
Q

What is Dementia?

A

Impaired ability to remember, think, or make decisions that interferes with doing everyday activities.

35
Q

What is the common for form of dementia?

A

Alzheimer’s Disease

36
Q

What is Alzheimer’s Disease?

A

Insidious and gradual loss of cognitive function

37
Q

True or False: Younger groups have higher prevalence in AD.

A

False: Older age groups have higher prevalences (> 35% of Canadians aged 85+ have dementia)

38
Q

AD occurs ___________ or in a __________ form

A

AD occurs sporadically or in a genetic form

39
Q

What is an initial symptom of AD?

A

Anterograde amnesia (recent memory)

40
Q

What are later symptoms of AD? (5)

A

Aphasia
Apraxia
Agnosia
Impaired executive function
Retrograde amnesia (remote memory)

41
Q

What occurs primarily in the cortex from AD ? (2)

A
  • Abnormal build-up of proteins in and around brain cells that disrupt cell functions.
  • Amyloid plaques (primarily in cortex)
42
Q

What occurs primarily in the cortex and hippocampus from AD? (2)

A
  • Neurofibrillary tangles
  • Abnormal accumulations of a protein called tau that collect inside neurons.
43
Q

What occurs in the limbic system and neocortex in AD?

A

Degeneration of limbic system and neocortex

44
Q

What happens to the shape of the cortex in AD?

A

Brain Atrophy (shrinking of the brain due to loss of neurons and the connections between them)

45
Q

What happens to the dendrites in AD?

A

Loss of dendritic arborization

46
Q

What happens to NT in AD?

A

Neurotransmitter changes (complex; affects ACh esp., but also noradrenaline, dopamine, serotonin, glutamate)

47
Q

What is a treatment used for AD?

A

Acetylcholinesterase inhibitors may slow progression, unfortunately, there is no cure

CMSD5290 Intro to Neuroscience (14 decks)

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