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CMSD5290 Intro to Neuroscience > Organization of the Nervous System ll > Flashcards

Organization of the Nervous System ll Flashcards

1
Q

Cranial Nerve 1 + Function + sensory/ motor or mixed

A

Olfactory Smell (s)

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2
Q

Cranial Nerve 2 + Function + sensory/ motor or mixed

A

Optic Vision (s)

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3
Q

Cranial Nerve 3 + Function

A

Oculomotor Eye movement (m)

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4
Q

Cranial Nerve 4+ Function

A

Trochlear Eye movement (m)

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5
Q

Cranial Nerve 5+ Function

A

Trigeminal Masticatory movements (s, m)

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6
Q

Cranial Nerve 6+ Function

A

Abducens Eye movement (m)

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7
Q

Cranial Nerve 7+ Function

A

Facial movement (s, m)

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8
Q

Cranial Nerve 8+ Function

A

Auditory Vestibular Hearing (s)

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9
Q

Cranial Nerve 9+ Function

A

Glossopharyngeal Tongue and Pharynx (s, m)

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10
Q

Cranial Nerve 10+ Function

A

Vagus Heart, blood vessels, viscera, movement larynx pharynx (s, m)

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11
Q

Cranial Nerve 11+ Function

A

Spinal accessory Neck muscles and viscera (m)

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12
Q

Cranial Nerve 12+ Function

A

Hypoglossal Tongue muscles (m)

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13
Q

What are the names of ventricular systems? (4) and the aqueduct

A

Laterals , third, fourth and cerebral aqueduct.

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14
Q

What are the three levels of the brainstem?

A

Diencephalon, Midbrain, Hindbrain

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15
Q

What are the 2 levels of the forebrain?

A

Cerebral cortex
Subcortical structures (Basil Ganglia, Limbic system)

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16
Q

In which canal is the spinal cord located in?

A

Vertebral Canal

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17
Q

How many segments is the spinal cord divided in? What are the names of the sections? (4)

A

31 Segments
8 Cervical
12Thoracic
5 Lumbar
5 Sacral

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18
Q

True of false: Each segment of the spinal cord does not have a pair of spinal nerves?

A

False:
Each segment has a pair of spinal nerves

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19
Q

True or False: Nerves in the spinal cord carry sensory signals out of the cord

A

False: Nerves in the spinal cord carry sensory signals in the cord

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20
Q

True or False: All nerves are mixed in the spinal cord, but the cranial nerves are not mixed (Sensory and Motor nerves)

A

True

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21
Q

True or False: Nerves in the spinal cord carry motor signals out of cord

A

True: Nerves in the spinal cord carry motor signals out of cord

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22
Q

What is a dermatome?

A

Regions of body innervated by single spinal nerve

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23
Q

In the spinal cord, the white matter is on the _________ and grey on the _________

A

The white matter outside and grey inside

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24
Q

Nerves are part of the _________

A

PNS

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25
Q

Tracts are part of the_______

A

CNS

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26
Q

In the dorsal root of the spinal cord
Strand of ________fibers entering the spinal cord
Brings ________ information from receptors to spinal cord and brain

A

afferent fibers entering the spinal cord
sensory

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27
Q

In the Ventral root of the spinal cord
Strand of ________fibers leaving the spinal cord
Carries ________ information to the body

A

efferent fibers leaving the spinal cord
motor information

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28
Q

The Bell-Magendie Law states that:

A

Dorsal part of the spinal cord is sensory and the ventral is motor

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29
Q

Which type of nerves does the spinal cord controls?

A

Spinal Nerves

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30
Q

Which type of nerves does the brain controls?

A

Cranial Nerves

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31
Q

Which cranial nerves are the most important for communication? (5)

A

5, 7 9 10 11 12

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32
Q

Vagus (10) & Spinal Accessory (11)
Provide motor innervation to l___________

A

Larynx

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33
Q

Trigeminal (5), Glossopharyngeal (9) & Vagus (10)
Provide motor innervation to the ________ and __________

A

Pharynx and soft Palate

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34
Q

Trigeminal (5), Facial (7) & Hypoglossal (12)
Provide motor innervation to _____, ______, _______ & ________

A

Provide motor innervation to face, lips, tongue & cheek

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35
Q

Auditory vestibular (8)
Carry _________ signals from the ________ to the brainstem

A

Carry auditory signals from the cochlea to the brainstem

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36
Q

What are the regions of the brainstem? (3)

A

Diencephalon
Midbrain
Hindbrain

37
Q

In the brainstem, the cranial nerve _______ is in the core and in general, dorsal part is ________ and ventral part is ________

A

Cranial nerve nuclei is in the core. In general, dorsal part is sensory and ventral part is motor

38
Q

True or False: The brainstem produces LESS complex movements than the spinal cord

A

False: The brainstem produces MORE complex movements than the spinal cord

39
Q

The Cerebellum is part of the hindbrain, midbrain or the diencephalon?

A

hindbrain

40
Q

What are 3 characteristics of the cerebellum?

A
  • Folia surface
  • Fine movements
  • Damage = Equilibrium, postural defects, impaired Fine motor control
41
Q

The pons and Medulla are part of the ___________ and are involved in many functions, including __________, sleeping and _____________

A

Hindbrain
waking, sleeping, and locomotion

42
Q

The Tectum, part of the __________,
Located ________
“Roof” of 3rd ventricle
Composed of:
Superior colliculi which receives____________ input from _______
Inferior colliculi which receives ________ input from _______

A

The Tectum, part of the Midbrain,
Located dorsally
“Roof” of 3rd ventricle
Composed of:
Superior colliculi which receives sensory input from eye
Inferior colliculi which receives sensory input from ear

43
Q

Characteristics of the colliculi.

A

Mediate sensory behaviors & control movement of eyes/head to track visual or auditory stimuli

44
Q

Tegmentum
Located ______________
“Floor” of 3rd ventricle
Composed of:
Red Nucleus which is involved in ________________
Substantia Nigra which is involved in ________________ and ____________________

A

Tegmentum
Located ventrally
“Floor” of 3rd ventricle
Composed of:
Red Nucleus which is involved in limb movements
Substantia Nigra which is involved in reward-behaviour and movement initiation

45
Q

What does the Hypothalamus do? (2)

A

Interacts with the pituitary gland
Involved in motivated behavior

46
Q

What is the Epithalamus?

A

Collection of nuclei, including pineal gland (circadian rhythms) and habenula (hunger & thirst)

47
Q

What are the roles of the Thalamus?

A

-Relay station
-Group of nuclei receiving sensory or motor inputs
- integrate and project input to cortical areas

48
Q

What are structures of the forebrain?

A

Cerebral Cortex and Subcortical structures

49
Q

What are subcortical structures of the Forebrain?

A
  • Basal Ganglia
  • Limbic System
50
Q

What are the structures of the basial ganglia? (1)
P__________
G_____ P_____
C_____ N____

A
  • Putamen (‘shell’)
  • Globus Pallidus (‘pale globe’)
  • Caudate Nucleus (‘tailed nucleus’)
51
Q

What are functions of the Basal Ganglia? CCMP

A

controlling coordinating movement patterns

52
Q

What are some examples of basal ganglia diseases? (2) PD HC

A

Parkinson’s Disease
Huntington’s Chorea

53
Q

What are the main parts of the Limbic System?

A

Hippocampus (seahorse)
Amygdala (almond)
Septum (partition)
Cingulate Gyrus (cingulate cortex)

54
Q

What are the characteristics of the Neo Cortex?

A
  • Expanded the most during evolution
  • Comprises 80% of the human brain
  • Surface area: 2500 square cm
  • Thickness: 1.5-3.0 mm
  • Six layers
  • Covers two cerebral hemispheres, four lobes (frontal, parietal, occipital, temporal)
55
Q

What are functions of the hippocampus?

A

Learning & memory

56
Q

What are functions of the amygdala and septum?

A

Emotion behavior

57
Q

Give a function of the primary areas on the Neo Cortex.

A

Project to spinal motor systems or receive sensory input from thalamus)

58
Q

Describe Secondary areas on the Neo Cortex and direction (3)

A

Adjacent to primary areas
Sensory: Primary -> Secondary
Motor: Secondary ->Primary

59
Q

How many layers comprise the Cortex?

A
  • 6 layers
  • Layers have regional differences (e.g,
60
Q

Describe the crossed brain.

A

Contralateral sensory and motor organization in brain

61
Q

What is another word for the Long tracts between cortical areas?

A

fasciculi

62
Q

Which Fasciculus connects Broca’s area to Wernicke’s area?

A

Arcuate Fasciculus

63
Q

Cranial nerves with sensory functions interface with the _________part of the brainstem and those with motor function interface with the __________ part.

A

Posterior
Anterior

64
Q

The cerebellum contains _________ times more neurons than the neocortex.

A

FOUR times

65
Q

What is the Central Sulcus?

A

Big groove that divides the primary motor cortex from the primary motor area.

66
Q

The neocortex is divided in three different areas in the motor and somatosensory:

A

The primary, secondary and association areas

67
Q

Describe Tertiary areas (association areas) of the Neocortex: (4)

A
  • Association
  • Located between secondary areas
  • Not specific to sensory or motor information
  • Perform complex functions
68
Q

True or False: Communication between neurons is a CHEMICAL process not an electrical.

A

TRUE!

69
Q

What is the link between depolarization and the movement of NA+?

A

Depolarization = Na+ rushing it

70
Q

What is the the link between hyperpolarization and movement of K+
?

A

Hyperpolarization = K+ rushing out

71
Q

Damage to the sections above the Thoracic nerves would results into?

A

Quadriplegia

72
Q

Damage to the sections below the Thoracic nerves would results into?

A

Paraplegia

73
Q

True or false: the brainstem produces more complex movements than the spinal cord?

A

True

74
Q

The Cranial nerve nuclei is located in the core of the brain, brainstem, or spinal cord?

A

Brainstem

75
Q

What are the functions of the reticular formation?

A

maintaining general arousal

76
Q

The Periacqueductal Gray in the tegmentum is involved in?

A

In species-typical behaviour and pain responses

76
Q

The Periacqueductal Gray in the tegmentum is involved in?

A

In species-typical behaviour and pain responses

77
Q

Give the names of four Thalamic Nuclei in the Diencephalon. LGN MGN VPN VAN

A

Lateral Geniculate Nucleus
Medial Geniculate Nucleus
Ventral Posterior Nucleus
Ventral Anterior Nucleus

78
Q

The LGN in the thalamus receives…

A

visual input and routes it to occipital cortex

79
Q

The MGN in the thalamus receives…

A

receives auditory input and routes it to temporal cortex

80
Q

The VPN tin the thalamus receives…

A

somatosensory input and routes it to parietal cortex

81
Q

Ventral anterior nucleus receives…

A

motor input from basal ganglia and routes it to frontal (motor) cortex

82
Q

In the basal Ganglia Structures Globus Pallidus is m_______ to Putamen.

A

medial

83
Q

The caudate nucleus forms the l__________ wall of the lateral ventricle.

A

Lateral

84
Q

Describe the 6 layers of the motor cortex vs the 6 layers of the sensory cortex:

A

Input sensory layers in the sensory cortex thicker than motor cortex
Output to other parts of the brain in motor cortex thicker than sensory cortex

85
Q

Short connections between adjacent gyri =

A

Arcuate fibers

86
Q

Red nucleus is involved in:

A

limb movements

87
Q

Substantia Nigra which is involved:

A

Reward behavior and movement

CMSD5290 Intro to Neuroscience (14 decks)

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