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CMSD5290 Intro to Neuroscience > Organization of the Nervous System l > Flashcards

Organization of the Nervous System l Flashcards

1
Q

What is the Brain Theory? (2)

A

-The brain is the source of all behavior
-Brain abnormalities often underlie communication disorders

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2
Q

What is the Neuron Theory?

A

The unit of brain structure and function is the neuron

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3
Q

The brain is composed of two ___________.

A

Two symmetrical hemispheres, the right hemisphere and the left hemisphere

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4
Q

The hemispheres are connected by?

A

By commissures and the largest is the Corpus Callosum

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5
Q

The inner hollow tube of the brain is filled by?

A

Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF)

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6
Q

What is the cerebral cortex?

A

It’s the outer layer of the brain (bark). It is wrinkled tissue.

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7
Q

What is are Gyri?

A

They are the folds of the Cerebral Cortex.

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8
Q

What are Sulci?

A

Creases between the folds.

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9
Q

What are Fissures?

A

Large sulci e.g. Longitudinal and Lateral fissure.

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10
Q

The brain is divided into how many lobes and what are their names?

A

Divided into four lobes
Frontal Lobe
Parietal Lobe
Occipital Lobe
Temporal Lobe

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11
Q

True or False: Each hemisphere has a lobe?

A

True: (e.g., right frontal lobe & left frontal lobe)

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12
Q

What are the three divisions of the Central Nervous System (CNS)?

A

Forebrain, Brainstem, Spinal Cord.

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13
Q

Describe the Forebrain + Function. (2)

A
  • Cerebral cortex & subcortical structures
  • Performs higher functions like speaking, thinking, planning, remembering and perception
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14
Q

Describe the Brainstem + Function. (2)

A
  • It is the underlying tube
  • It performs regulatory and movement producing functions
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15
Q

Describe the Spinal Cord + general Function. (2)

A
  • It is connected to brainstem and descends down the back
  • It performs regulatory and movement producing functions
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16
Q

What constitutes the CNS and describe it’s regeneration after damage.

A

The brain and the spinal cord
Tissue does not regenerate after damage

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17
Q

What constitutes the PNS and describe it’s regeneration after damage.

A

Fibers in the periphery that carry information to and from the CNS
Tissue can regenerate after damage

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18
Q

The PNS is divided into the _____________ and __________.

A

Somatic Nervous System (SNS) and the Autonomic Nervous System (ANS).

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19
Q

What are the functions of the SNS? (Sensory and motor pathways)

A
  • Sensory Pathways: Collect information from the senses and send it to the cortex
  • Motor Pathways: Nerve fibers that connect the brain and spinal cord to the body’s muscles
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20
Q

What are the functions of the ANS?

A

Sensory & motor pathways that control the internal organs such as the heart, lungs, and stomach. (Sympathetic and Para-sympathetic NS)

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21
Q

What does Localization mean?

A

Different parts of the brain have different functions.

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22
Q

What does Lateralization mean?

A

Functions are localized on one side of the brain. E.g. Language processing and production.

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23
Q

Where is Broca’s area?

A

Inferior frontal gyrus, below the inferior convolution.

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24
Q

What is Broca’s aphasia?

A

Syndrome that results from damage to Broca’s Area (motor speech area). Unable to produce speech.

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25
Q

According to the neuron theory, what are characteristics of Neurons? (3)

A
  • Neurons are discrete
  • Neurons carry an electrical signal
  • Neurons communicate with each other via a chemical signal, or a neurotransmitter
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26
Q

What are the three major parts of neurons?

A

Dendrites, Cell body (soma), Axon

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27
Q

What are the roles of Glia cells ? (2)

A

Hold Neurons together and carry out supportive functions

28
Q

Neurons ______ information, _________information, and ___on information

A

Acquire information, process information, and act on information

29
Q

What are Synapses?

A

Junctions between neurons.

30
Q

What makes neurons discrete?

A

The fact that they never touch.

31
Q

The Hebb rules states that…

A

When cells are activated at the same time they establish or strengthen the synapse.

32
Q

What is neuroplasticity?

A

The brain’s ability to modify, change, and adapt both structure and function in response to experience.

33
Q

Frequently used Anatomical Term
Rostral / _______
Anterior /_______
_______ / Ventral
_______ / Inferior
Lateral / ______

A

Rostral / Caudal
Anterior / Posterior
Dorsal / Ventral
Superior / Inferior
Lateral / Medial

34
Q

3 Frequently Used Brain Sections in medical pictures.

A

Coronal
Horizontal
Sagittal

35
Q

Structures on the same side are ____________.

A

Structures on the same side are Ipsilateral

36
Q

Structures on the opposite side are __________.

A

Structures on the opposite side are Contralateral

37
Q

Structures that lie in both hemispheres are ________.

A

Structures that lie in both hemispheres are Bilateral

38
Q

Pathways that go away from brain structures are ___________. E.g.____________.

A

Efferent.
E.g.: Motor Pathway

39
Q

Pathways that go toward brain structures are ___________
E.g. ______________

A

Afferent
E.g. Sensory Pathway

40
Q

Support and Protection characteristics of the CNS. (3)

A
  • Brain enclosed in the skull
    -Spinal cord encased in bony vertebrae
  • Meninges
  • CSF
  • BBB
41
Q

What are the Meninges?

A

Three layers of membranes inside the skull and vertebrae.

42
Q

What are the 3 layers of the meninges?

A
  • Dura Mater
  • Arachnoid Membrane
  • Pia Mater
43
Q

What are the roles of the CSF?

A

Cushions the brain and Spinal cord (CNS) and removes waste.

44
Q

What are the roles of the Blood-brain-barrier? (3)

A
  1. Shields the brain from toxic substances in the blood
  2. Supplies brain tissues with nutrients,
  3. Filters harmful compounds from the brain back to the bloodstream.
45
Q

What arteries supply the brain ? (2)

A

Two internal carotid arteries
Two vertebral arteries

46
Q

Connect at the base of the brain and branch off into the:
________Cerebral Artery
________Cerebral Artery
________Cerebral Artery

A

Connect at the base of the brain and branch off into the:
Anterior Cerebral Artery
Middle Cerebral Artery
Posterior Cerebral Artery

47
Q

What causes a stroke?

A

Interruption of blood flow to the brain that kills brain cells

48
Q

What are the two types of stroke?

A
  1. Ischemia - deficiency of blood flow to the brain
  2. Hemorrhagic stroke – burst of a blood vessel
49
Q

Characteristics of Neural Stem Cells:

A
  • Undifferentiated
  • Capacity for self-renewal
50
Q

Characteristics of Progenitor Cells (2):

A
  • Develop from stem cells
  • Give rise to blasts, primitive types of nervous system cells
51
Q

Neuroblasts develop into _______ or _____.

A

Develop into neurons or glia.

52
Q

What are the types of glial cells? (5)

A
  • Ependymal (produce CSF)
  • Astrocyte (nutritive and Support function)
  • Microglial (Defensive Function)
  • Oligodendroglial (Myelin for CNS)
  • Schwann (Myelin for PNS)
53
Q

Gray Matter consists of_____.

A

Color from capillary blood vessels and neuronal cell bodies.

54
Q

White matter consists of________.

A

Color from axons covered in an insulating layer of glial cells.

55
Q

What are nerves?

A

Fibers and fiber pathways within the PNS that enter and leave the CNS. E.g. Auditory nerve.

56
Q

What is a tract?

A

Large collection of axons projecting to or away from a layer or nucleus within the CNS
Examples: Corticospinal Tract, Optic Tract

57
Q

What are Layers/Nuclei?

A

Large well-defined cluster of neurons deep inside the hemispheres and brainstem.

58
Q

What are ventricles?

A

4 large open structures which lie deep inside your brain filled with CSF.

59
Q

Paul Broca had a patient Had patient who was only able to say “tan” with paralysis on the right side of the body
Where would the patient have a lesion on his brain?

A

To the third convolution of the left frontal lobe was found

60
Q

What are the three convolutions?

A
  1. Superior
  2. Middle
  3. Inferior
61
Q

Structures that are close together are?

A

Proximal

62
Q

Structures that are far apart are?

A

Distal

63
Q

True or false: An MCA stroke can cause changes in behavior and personality?

A

True

64
Q

The third and fourth ventricles extend into the __________ and the _________

A

Brainstem and spinal cord

65
Q

Describe the Ventricles (2).

A
  • Hollow pockets within the brain filled with CSF
  • Choroid plexus (glial cell structure) produces CSF

CMSD5290 Intro to Neuroscience (14 decks)

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