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CMSD5290 Intro to Neuroscience > Higher Cortical Functions & Cognitive / Behavioral Manifestations of Brain Disorders, Part 2 > Flashcards

Higher Cortical Functions & Cognitive / Behavioral Manifestations of Brain Disorders, Part 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What are 7 examples of higher-order functions?

A

Language
Memory
Executive Functions
Perception
Spatial Behaviour
Attention
Skilled Movement

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2
Q

What are the 3 main division areas of the frontal lobe?

A

Motor,
Premotor
Prefrontal areas

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3
Q

Which areas of the frontal lobe are associated with executive functions?

A

Prefrontal areas (i.e., dorsolateral & orbitofrontal) associated with “executive functions”

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4
Q

What are executive functions?

A

Refers to “control systems that implement different behavioral strategies in response to both external and internal cues”

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5
Q

What does executive functions include?

A

An extensive variety of functions

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6
Q

What would be unlikely to occur from frontal damage?

A

Unlikely to produce impairment to all functions

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7
Q

Summary of Major symptoms of frontal lobe damage.

A
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8
Q

What are 3 FL symptom examples?

A
  • Impaired social behavior and changes in personality
  • Loss of behavioral spontaneity (decreased verbal fluency, loss of initiative, apathy)
  • Poor strategy formation, loss of response inhibition & perseveration (Wisconsin Card Sorting Task)
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9
Q

What does the Phineas Gage show from FL symptoms?

A
  • Impaired social behavior and changes in personality
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10
Q

What does this image show from FL symptoms?

A

Loss of behavioral spontaneity (decreased verbal fluency, loss of initiative, apathy)

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11
Q

What does this image show from FL symptoms? (2)

A
  • Wisconsin Card Sorting Task
  • Poor strategy formation, loss of response inhibition & perseveration
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12
Q

What examples of conditions from direct FL lesions? (3)

A

Direct FL lesions (e.g., TBI, stroke, degenerative conditions)

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13
Q

What examples of conditions from lesions to subcortical areas that project to FL ? (4)

A

Lesions to subcortical areas that project to FL (e.g., stroke, PD, HD, Korsakoff’s)

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14
Q

What is perception?

A

Refers to cognition resulting from the activity of the various sensory regions of the cortex beyond the primary sensory cortex

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15
Q

Which areas between primary/secondary/tertiary perform perceptual functions?

A

Secondary Areas

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16
Q

What is agnosia? (3)

A
  • Refers to partial or complete inability to recognize sensory stimuli
  • Typically affect a single sensory system (e.g., vision, audition, tactile)
  • Not explained by a defect in primary sensory processes or reduced alertness
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17
Q

What are examples of visual associate agnosia? (3)

A
  • Difficulty recognizing objects visually despite intact vision (i.e., shape, size, colour of objects are seen)
  • Patients are able to describe visual features, copy and match objects
  • May affect selected class of items (e.g., face agnosia = prosopagnosia)
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18
Q

Damage to which lobes causvisual associative agnosia? (2)

A
  • Usually results from occipital and/or posterior temporal damage, often bilateral
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19
Q

What is auditory agnosia?

A

Difficulty recognizing sounds (i.e., hearing intact but unable to process what sounds mean)

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20
Q

What are the three subtypes of auditory agnosia?

A
  • Linguistic type (aka pure word deafness)
  • Non-verbal type
  • Amusia
21
Q

Describe the linguistic type of auditory agnosia. (2)

A
  • Difficulty recognizing spoken words but reading comprehension & speech production are intact
  • Results often from L temporal lesions (may disconnect auditory input & Wernicke’s area)
22
Q

Describe the Non-verbal type of auditory agnosia. (2)

A
  • Difficulty recognizing environmental sounds
  • Results often from RH or bilateral temporal lesions
23
Q

Describe the amusia type of auditory agnosia. (2)

A

Difficulty understanding music (e.g., pitch, rhythm)

Traditionally thought to follow right temporal lesions but actually depends on what specific aspect of music is impaired

24
Q

What are spatial behaviors?

A

All behaviours with which we guide our bodies through space

25
Q

What is topographic memory?

A

Ability to move from one place to another from memory

26
Q

What is cognitive maps?

A

Mental representations of space

27
Q

Which hemisphere plays a special role?

A

Right-hemisphere

28
Q

Rh damage result in…

A

Spatial impairments

29
Q

What is attention?

A

Refers to processes that either allow a selective awareness of an aspect of the sensory environment or allow selective responsiveness to one class of stimuli

30
Q

Attention is related to…

A

to executive functions

31
Q

Attention may be specific to…

A

sensory modality

32
Q

Attention involves which neural networks? (5)

A

Brainstem (RAS)
Sensory regions
Parietal,
Cingulate
Prefrontal cortex

33
Q

Can attention be affected by neurological disorders? If yes, explain: (3)

A
  • Yes, especially TBI
  • Deficits are typically bilateral
  • Deficit that is especially severe on one side of space = hemi-inattention or sensory neglect
34
Q

What is sensory neglect?

A

Characterized by a failure to report, or respond, or attend to, stimuli on the side of body opposite to lesion, despite adequate sensory and motor function

35
Q

In which modality does sensory neglect may manifest?

A

May manifest in any modality (i.e., visual, auditory, somatosensory)

36
Q

Sensory neglect is often accompanied by:

A

anosoagnosia

37
Q

What is anosoagnosia?

A

Symptom of severe mental illness experienced by some that impairs a person’s ability to understand and perceive his or her illness

38
Q

Sensory Neglect results from damage to:

A

Usually results from right parietal damage, causing left-sided neglect

39
Q

What is the difference between Hemianopia and Neglect?

A
  • Hemianopia is a visual field defect (i.e., primary sensory disorder)
  • Neglect is an attentional disorder
40
Q

What are the sequences in the cortex for movement?

A
41
Q

What is apraxia?

A

Disorder of skilled movement not caused by muscle weakness or other primary motor disturbance (target movements can be carried out in some contexts)

42
Q

What does apraxia involves?

A

Involves “high-level” motor functions (e.g., difficulties with goals, plans, sequences)

43
Q

What is ideomotor apraxia? (2)

A
  • Difficulty performing actions on command or imitating actions
  • May be able to perform action spontaneously in actual situation (e.g., with object)
44
Q

Ideomotor Apraxia often results from lesions to…

A

Left hemisphere lesions

45
Q

Ideomotor Apraxia often accompanies which disorder?

A

Aphasia

46
Q

What is ideational Apraxia?

A

Difficulty undertaking a series of movements involving some ideational or planning component (e.g., pretending to use a hammer)

47
Q

What can we see from patients suffering from ideational apraxia? (2)

A
  • Individual steps may be performed
  • Objects often used inappropriately

Examples:
Person tries to light a candle by striking a match on it
Person tries to open a can of soup by hitting the can with the can opener

48
Q

Ideational Apraxia results from lesions to:

A

Often results from diffuse bilateral lesions (e.g., in AD)

49
Q

What is apraxia of speech? (4)

A
  • Difficulty coordinating motor sequences of sounds
  • Usually results from LH lesions
  • Often accompanied by Broca’s aphasia
  • Often accompanied by other apraxias

CMSD5290 Intro to Neuroscience (14 decks)

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