Evolution

Question 1

Evolution

Answer 1

The change in the genes of a population on Earth over time

Question 2

Microevolution

Answer 2

The changes in one gene pool of a population over generations

Question 3

Macroevolution

Answer 3

Refers to speciation, the formation of an entirely new species

Question 4

Population

Answer 4

Consists of all the members of one species in one place

Ex: All lions on Masai plain in Kenya

Question 5

Evidence of Evolution

Answer 5

Fossil Record, Comparative Anatomy, Comparative Biochemistry, Comparative Embryology, Molecular Biology, Biogeography

Question 6

Types of Natural Selection

Answer 6

Stabilizing Selection
Disruptive/Diversifying Selection
Directional Selection

Question 7

Stabilizing Selection

Answer 7

Favors more common intermediate forms & eliminates numbers of extremes

Question 8

Diversifying or Disruptive Selection

Answer 8

Increases numbers of extreme types in a population

Question 9

Directional Selection

Answer 9

Changing environmental conditions

Question 10

Sources of Variation in a Population

Answer 10

Mutation, Gene Flow, Genetic Drift - Bottleneck effect & Founder Effect

Question 11

Population Stability:

Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium

Answer 11

Developed a theorem describing a stable, non-evolving environment - allelic frequency does not change

Question 12

Species

Answer 12

A population whose members have the potential to interbreed in nature & produce viable, fertile offspring

Question 13

Isolation

Answer 13

Geographic Isolation, Polyploidy, Habitat Isolation, Behavioral Isolation, Temporal Isolation, Reproductive Isolation

Question 14

Patterns of Evolution

Answer 14

Divergent Evolution, Convergent Evolution, Parallel Evolution, Coevolution, Adaptive Radiation

Question 15

Divergent Evolution

Answer 15

When population gets isolated from rest of species

Homologous struture

Question 16

Convergent Evolution

Answer 16

Unrelated species occupy same species

Analogous Structures

Question 17

Parallel Evolution

Answer 17

Two related species, similar evolutionary adaptions after divergence from common ancestor

Question 18

Coevolution

Answer 18

Two interacting species with mutual evolutionary set of adaptions

Question 19

Adaptive Radiations

Answer 19

Emergence of numerous species in same environment from common ancestor
14 finches in Galapagos Islands

Question 20

Theories About Evolution

Answer 20

Gradualism, Punctuated Equilibrium, Spontaneous Generation

Question 21

Heterotroph Hypothesis

Answer 21

Theory that the first cells on Earth were anaerobic, heterotrophic prokaryotes

Question 22

Modifications; animals to land

Answer 22

Lungs, skin, limbs, shell, mechanism for internal fertilization

Question 23

Modifications; plants to land

Answer 23

Roots, vascular tissue, waxy molecule, seeds, supporting cells

Question 24

Permian Mass Extinction

Answer 24

Volcanic eruptions, now Siberia

Eruptions emitted CO2 into atmosphere - global climate increased 6 degrees

Question 25

Cretaceous Mass Extinction

Answer 25

10km wide asteroid crashed into Mexico Huge cloud of debris blocked sunlight for months Extinction of many marine & land animals + all dinosaurs, excluding birds

Question 26

Important Concepts of Evolution

Answer 26

Evo. is not always a slow process Evo. does not occur at same rate in all organisms Evo. does not always cause organisms to become more complex Evo. occurs in populations, not individuals Evo. is directed by changes in the environment

Question 27

Fossil Record

Answer 27

Reveals existence of species that have become extinct or have evolved into other species

Question 28

Comparative Anatomy

Answer 28

Organisms that have similar anatomical structures are related to each other & share a common ancestor

Question 29

Homologous Structures

Answer 29

Same internal bone structure, function of each varies

Question 30

Analogous Structures

Answer 30

Same function but not the same underlying structure

Question 31

Vestigal Structure

Answer 31

Structures that are remnants of an earlier active structure, such as appendix Evidence that animals have evolved

Question 32

Comparative Biochemistry

Answer 32

Organisms that have a common ancestor will have common biochemical pathways

Question 33

Comparative Embryology

Answer 33

Animals that have evolved from a common ancestor go through similar stages in their embryonic development

Question 34

Molecular Biology

Answer 34

Comparison of the amino acid sequence of cytochrome c among different organisms shows which are most closely related

Question 35

Biogeography

Answer 35

Supercontinent Pangea separated into seven continents

Question 36

Industrial Melanism

Answer 36

Darkening due to industrialization

Question 37

Mutation (Evolution)

Answer 37

Changes in genetic material & are the raw material for evolutionary change

Question 38

Genetic Drift

Answer 38

Change in the gene pool due to chance

Question 39

The Bottleneck Effect

Answer 39

Genetic Drift | Natural disasters reduce size of population non-selectively, resulting in loss of genetic variation

Question 40

Founder Effect

Answer 40

Genetic Drift Small population breaks away from larger to colonize new area Rare alleles may be under or overrepresented

Question 41

Gene Flow

Answer 41

Movement of alleles into or out of a population

Question 42

Hardy-Weinberg Characteristics of a Stable Population

Answer 42

``` Pop. must be very large Pop, must be isolated Must be no mutations in the pop. Mating must be random Must be no natural selection ```

Question 43

Sources of Variation in a Population

Answer 43

Mutation, Genetic Drift (Bottleneck + Founder Effect), Gene Flow

Question 44

Geographic Isolation

Answer 44

When species are separated

Question 45

Polyploidy

Answer 45

Mutation that results from errors during meiosis | Can only breed with polyploid organisms

Question 46

Habitat Isolation

Answer 46

When 2 organisms live in the same area but encounter each other rarely

Question 47

Behavioral Isolation

Answer 47

When 2 animals become isolated from each other because of some change in behavior by one member or group

Question 48

Temporal Isolation

Answer 48

Time | Some plant flower in cooler part of season while other plants flowers in warmer part of growing season

Question 49

Reproductive Isolation

Answer 49

Closely related species unable to mate because of anatomical incompatibility

Question 50

Theory of Endosymbiosis

Answer 50

Cell organelles, like mitochondria, were once tiny, free-living prokaryotic organisms that took up permanent residence inside larger prokaryotic cells

Question 51

Cambrian Explosion

Answer 51

Period of time when every major phylum of animal appeared

Question 52

Autotrophs

Answer 52

Organisms that make their own food

Question 53

Heterotrophs

Answer 53

Organisms that must take in all their nutrients