Reproduction & Development

Question 1

Asexual Reproduction

Answer 1

Produce offspring genetically identical to parent

Advantageous when environmental conditions are stable

Question 2

Fission

Answer 2

Asexual Reproduction

The separation of an organism into 2 new cells

Question 3

Budding

Answer 3

Asexual Reproduction

Involves splitting off of new individuals from existing ones

Question 4

Fragmentation

Answer 4

Asexual Reproduction

When single parent breaks into parts that regenerate into new individuals

Question 5

Parthenogenesis

Answer 5

Asexual Reproduction

Involves development of egg without fertilization, result adult = haploid

Question 6

Testes

Answer 6

Make gonads; site of sperm formation

Question 7

Vas Deferens

Answer 7

The duct that carries sperm during ejaculation from epididymus to penis

Question 8

Prostate Gland

Answer 8

Secrete semen directly into urethra

Question 9

Scrotum

Answer 9

Holds testes; the colder the temperature there enables sperm to survive

Question 10

Urethra

Answer 10

Tube that carries semen & urine

Question 11

Ovary

Answer 11

Meiosis & where secondary oocyte forms prior to birth

Question 12

Oviduct/Fallopian Tube

Answer 12

Where fertilization occurs; after ovulation, egg moves through oviduct to uterus

Question 13

Uterus

Answer 13

Where embryo develops

Question 14

Vagina

Answer 14

Birth canal; baby passes through cervix into it

Question 15

Cervix

Answer 15

Mouth of uterus

Question 16

Endometrium

Answer 16

Lining of uterus

Question 17

Follicular Phase

Answer 17

Follicles grow & secrete increasing amounts of estrogens in response to FSH from anterior pituitary

Question 18

Spermatogenesis

Answer 18

Process of sperm production, continuous process - begins as LH induces testes to produce testosterone - together FSH & testosterone stimulate sperm production in testes

Question 19

Oogenesis

Answer 19

Production of ova by meiotic cell division

Question 20

Cleavage Furrow

Embryonic Development

Answer 20

Rapid mitotic cell division of zygote that begins immediately after fertilization, produce blastula

Question 21

Gastrulation

Embryonic Development

Answer 21

Process by which blastula develops into a gastrula

Question 22

Organogenesis

Embryonic Development

Answer 22

Process by which cells continue to differentiate, producing organs from the 3 embryonic germ layers

Question 23

Chorion

Bird Embryo

Answer 23

Under shell, allows for diffusion of respiratory gases between outside environment & inside of cell

Question 24

Yolk Sac

Bird Embryo

Answer 24

Encloses the yolk, the food for the growing embryo

Question 25

Amnion | Bird Embryo

Answer 25

Encloses the embryo in protective amniotic fluid

Question 26

Allantois | Bird Embryo

Answer 26

Like placenta in mammals Is the conduit for respiratory gases to & from embryo, where nitrogenous waste uric acid accumulates until chick hatches

Question 27

Reproductive Cycles

Answer 27

Controlled by a combination of hormonal & environmental cues

Question 28

Sexual Reproduction

Answer 28

Offers increased variation among offspring & the possibility of greater reproductive success in a changing environment

Question 29

Hermaphrodites

Answer 29

Can mate with any animal of their species | Both animals act as male & female, and both donate & receive sperm

Question 30

Advantages of Asexual Reproduction

Answer 30

Enables reproduction without a mate Creates numerous offspring quickly No expenditure of energy

Question 31

Advantages of Sexual Reproduction

Answer 31

Variation | Offspring is product of both parents, may be better to survive than either

Question 32

Semen

Answer 32

Nutritive fluid that carries sperm

Question 33

Menstrual Cycle

Answer 33

Series of changes in the ovary & uterus that is controlled by the interaction of hormones

Question 34

Ovulation

Answer 34

Secondary oocyte ruptures out of ovaries in response to increase in LH from anterior pituitary

Question 35

Follicles

Answer 35

Several tiny cavities in ovaries

Question 36

Luteal Phase

Answer 36

After ovulation | Corpus luteum forms & secretes estrogen & progesterone that thicken the endometrium

Question 37

Menstruation

Answer 37

If implantation of embryo does not occur | Buildup of lining of uterus breaks down & is shed

Question 38

Corpus Luteum

Answer 38

Cavity the follicle left behind

Question 39

Blastula

Answer 39

Fluid-filled ball of cells produced at the end of cleavage

Question 40

Blastomeres

Answer 40

Individual cells of blastula

Question 41

Blastocoel

Answer 41

Fluid-filled center

Question 42

Gastrula

Answer 42

Three-layered embryo | Consist of ectoderm, endoderm & mesoderm that will develop into parts of the adult animal

Question 43

Extraembryonic Membrane

Answer 43

Structures that arise outside the bird embryo