Exam 1 Flashcards

Question

What makes up peptidoglycan?

Answer 1

sugars and peptides

Answer 2

Provides structure and shape Protects from osmotic forces Assists some cells in attachment Excludes some antimicrobial drugs

Answer 3

Targeting or having an effect on the pathogen with no to little effect on the host.

Answer 4

Hans Christian Gram

Answer 5

Purple, Gram + bacteria

Answer 6

Purple, Gram -

Answer 7

Thick cell wall Peptidoglycan Lipoteichoic acids- anchor cell wall to cell membrane Beams that hold cell wall on to the membrane When we stain a Gram + cell it will turn purple Thicker cell wall retains this longer because they have a thicker cell wall

Answer 8

Thin cell wall Peptidoglycan between two lipid bilayers of membranes Inner membrane and outer membrane Composted of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) Unique to Gram - and how they cause disease

Answer 9

Outer membrane inhibits disease treatment Resists penicillin access to peptidoglycan Penicillin messes with the amphipathic nature of the cell wall and the membrane

Answer 10

Lipid and sugar Endotoxin Specifically the Lipid A Released from dead cells when cell wall disintegrates Fever, vasodilation, inflammation, and blood clotting, and endotoxin shock The above symptoms need to be monitored for after antibiotics are given as Lipid A is released as the cell die

Answer 11

A microbacteria such as leprosy and tuberculosis. Cell walls are different Looks similar to Gram + as it is thick like a Gram + Contains 60% mycolic acid; very waxy A different stain is needed because the Gram test is water based Mycolic acid is hydrophobic If you try to stain with Gram stain will be repelled and will not make it into the cells As such they are resistant to dessication Cause acid-fast to be very hardy Can survive in dry environments for months or years Our drugs are also hydrophilic- so they go up and bounce off the cells Hard to identify because they don’t stain, but also because they take a long time to grow- days to double 2-3 weeks to see if you can stain them

Answer 12

Between outer membrane and cell membrane Includes the thin cell wall- Gram -

Answer 13

Contains water, nutrients, and substances secreted by the cell Digestive enzymes Proteins invaded in transport

Answer 14

Made by some bacteria Bacilus ( anthrax) Costridium ( c. Diff) Botulism Defense strategy against unfavorable conditions

Answer 15

Vegetative cells

Answer 16

Conditions are not right, Duplicate and replicate their DNA to produce a spore coat with the DNA inside Release from spore coat when conditions are again favourable

Answer 17

Grappling hooks Served in attachment Like fimbriae Several dozen per cell These are only archaea

Answer 18

Organelles that have a double membrane- inner and outer membrane phospholipid bilayer Produced most of the cell’s ATP Interior matrix contains 70 C ribosomes Circular molecule of DNA Replicate/ Divide on their own Theory: Mitochondria were an organism in itself (an archaea cell) and through invagination set up shop in another cell Either engulfed Or host-parasite relationship Has its own chromosomes, but does not have all the genes necessary for all the cell’s functions Some of these were moved to the nucleus Can make its own proteins

Answer 19

Internal cell lost ability to exist independently Retained own portion of DNA Retained it own ribosomes Retained own cytoplasmic membrane Large cell became dependent on internal cell for aerobic ATP production

Answer 20

Flagella, cilia, and Glycocalyxes

Answer 21

Simplee than prokarytotic capsules Function Cell-to cell attachment

Answer 22

Whip like a fish tail as opposed to a propellor like prokaryotic Can only go in one direction In mammals it is the sperm cell

Answer 23

Paramecium Whip and work like a crew boat Pul through the cells through the environment Digestive and respiratory system have cilia Instead of the cell movement, it moves mucus

Answer 24

Plants, Fungi, algae,

Answer 25

Plant cells- cellulose Funcalf cell walls, cellulose, chitin and/or glucomannan Algal cell walls= cellulose or agar or carrageenan or silicates or algin or calcicim carbonate or any combination of these

Answer 26

Controls movement into and out of the cell Using diffusion, facilitated diffusion, osmosis, and active transport Performs endocytosis Phagocytosis Pinocytosis Vesicle fuses with lysosome for digestion Exocytosis: Substances are exported from the cell Release proteins, enzymes, and hormones outside of the cell

Answer 27

Moves with its pseudopodia for movement and for feeding Extend them out and wrap around their food- this in then called a food vacuole Then they take up their food

Exam 1 Flashcards

(54 cards)