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Microbiology > Quiz 4 > Flashcards

Quiz 4 Flashcards

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1
Q

What is a vector?

A

(a vector is an organism that transmits a pathogen)

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2
Q

What is Pathogenesis?

A

Ability of something to cause pathology- infection

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3
Q

What are adhesion factors?

A

Process by which microorganisms attach to cells
Needed to establish colonies with the host

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4
Q

True or False: Specialized structures such as attachment proteins or sticky sugars are some adhesion factors

A

True

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5
Q

True or False: A Glococalyx can serve as an adhesion factor

A

True

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6
Q

What are the adhesion factors of parasites?

A

1) Hooks
2) Haptors
3) Suckers
4) Adhesion Discs

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7
Q

What are the adhesion factors of viruses?

A

1) Attachment proteins
2) Glycoprotein spikes
3) Capsomeres
4) Fibers

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8
Q

Explain attachment proteins in viruses.

A

Proteins that allow the virus to attach to the cell and get into the cell in order to cause infections

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9
Q

Explain glycoprotein spikes in viruses.

A

Attac to a receptor on a specific cell in order to infect that cell

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10
Q

Explain capsomeres in viruses.

A

Made of capsid. Protein structure that surrounds the genetic material of these viruses
Some have an envelope
Some don’t and are naked virus
It is the capocoat that allows them to attach

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11
Q

What is a naked virus

A

A virus without a capsid envelope

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12
Q

Explain the fibers on a virus.

A

Feet on bacteriophages

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13
Q

Adhesions on the surface allow bacteria to…

A

1) Attach to specific receptors
* Lipoproteins
* Glycoproteins
2) Acts as ligands- bind host cell receptors in a specific manner

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14
Q

What is a ligand?

A

General term- anything that binds specifically to a receptor

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15
Q

Why does HIV not infect cows?

A

Spike proteins bind with the CCR receptor
If the cell does not have this receptor- HIV cannot get into that cell and cause infection
Cow do not have this- we do on some of our blood cells
Some people do not have CCR5- mutation- makes them immune from HIV

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16
Q

What are Attachment agonists?

A

Can prevent infections
Antibodies
Y shaped molecule that bind specifically to the viruses spike proteins
Because the virus is bound to the antibody- it cannot get into the cell to infect it
ACE2 receptors
Hormones that bind to it to reduce blood pressure
Thought that some blood pressure medications might help reduce COVID infection because they bind to the ACE2 receptors

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17
Q

Discus antibodies

A

Y shaped molecule that bind specifically to the viruses spike proteins
Because the virus is bound to the antibody- it cannot get into the cell to infect it

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18
Q

Name the four ways that pathogens can enter the body.

A

1) Parental
2) Mucosal
3) Placenta
4) Skin

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19
Q

Explain the skin route.

A

Physical barrier
Outer layer of packed, dead, skin cells
Pores are natural opening through the skin
Some pathogens burrow into outer skin layers
Some pathogens digest outer skin layers
Both are making their own entry through the skin
Ticks, Mosquitoes, parasites

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20
Q

Explain the mucosal route.

A

Line the body cavities that are ipen to the environment
Warm, moist environment
MM are the most common site of entry
Examples
Eyes
Vagina
Nose
Sinus
Respiratory tract
Mouth
Respiratory tract
Gastrointestinal tract
Some pathogens can survive in the stomach

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21
Q

Explain the placenta route.

A

Mother to child
Toxoplasmosis ( Protozoan bacteria)
Indirect life cycle
Meaning… it has many different hosts
Human is usually the the final host
Cats can pick it up from mice
Release infection in the fecal material

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22
Q

Explain the parental route

A

Not a natural port of entry
Pathogens deposit directly into tissues beneath the skins or mucous membrane
How
Artificial break in skin barrier
Punctures, needles, stab wounds, deep abrasions, scrape, surgery, bites

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23
Q

What is a reservoir?

A

sites where pathogens are maintained

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24
Q

Name the three types of reservoirs.

A

1) Animal
2) Human
3) Nonliving

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25
What are Zoonoses?
disease naturally spread from their usual animal host to humans
26
How can zoonoses be acquired?
Direct contact with animal or waste Anisakis (Indirect lifecycle) Get it from eating a fish Snail (or any invertebrate host) gets the infection- intermediate host Does not cause infection- it just sets up shop Can change physiology and traits and makes them appetizing or easier to catch by the next host Snail is eaten by fish Nematofde is going to encyst in the fish Won’t kill the fish- goal is to get to the next host Person eats the fish Final or definitive host Gets into digestive system and taking up nutrients This is where damage will occur Reproduce more eggs sexually and these will be pooed out Eating animals Bloodsucking arthopods- Lyme and Malaria Humans are usually dead-end host to zoonotic pathogens
27
What is meant by an indirect life cycle?
Pathogen uses a series of hosts
28
What is an intermediary host?
First infected host- usually an invertebrate
29
What is a definitive host?
Final host-usually human
30
Humans are usually ___________ to zoonotic pathogens
dead-end hosts
31
asymptomatic individuals are
carriers/infective
32
Nonliving reservoirs include
Soil and water
33
Examples of pathogens transmitted through nonliving reservoirs
Giardia- parasite protozoan Botulism Tetanus Toxoplasmosis
34
Define: Contamination
The presence of microbes in or on the body
35
Define: Infection
An organism evading the body’s defenses, reproduces, and then becomes established in the body-> disease may ensue
36
True or False: All diseases are caused by infection, but all infections do not lead to disease
True
37
Define: Disease
The injury or infection that interferes with normal body functions
38
Define: Morbidity
The state of damage that is caused by some agent that leads to disease
39
Define: Virulence Factors
Factors that increase morbidity-> anything made of or produced by a pathogen that causes disease
40
Define: Pathogenecity
The ability to cause disease
41
Signs vs. Symptoms
Sign- objective/ Symptoms- subjective
42
Define: Syndrome
A group of symptoms and signs that characterize a disease or abnormal condition
43
List the steps in the Disease Process
1) Incubation 2) Prodromal period 3) Illness 4) Decline 5) Convalescence
44
What happens during incubation?
No signs or symptoms Just got the infection Not reproducing or causing problems; just waiting for the optimal time
45
What happens during prodominal illness
Vague, general symptoms Start getting a jump in the pathogens- moved out of the incubation period Conditions are appropriate
46
What happens during illness?
Most severe signs and symptoms Sharp increase in pathogens present Antibody production Fever- immune response Antibiotic intake If you never hit the peak- death will ensue
47
What happens during decline?
Declining in signs and symptoms Number of pathogens decrease
48
Define: Symbiosis
The relationship between two microorganism and host
49
What are the three types of symbiotic relationships?
1) Mutualism 2) Commensalism 3) Parasitic
50
Define: Mutalism
Microorganism and host benefit. Disease deterrent e.g. Bacteria in gut
51
Define: Commensalism
Microrganism benefits, but the host neither benefits nor harmed. Can be Disease deterrent e.g. tapeworm
52
Parasitic
Microbe benefits, host is harmed, causes disease e.g. TB
53
What are the virulence factors of infectious diseases?
1) Adhesion factors 2) Extracellular enzymes 3) Toxins
54
What is the role of Extracellular enzymes?
aid in pathogenesis Enzymes secreted by the pathogen (work outside of the cell) Dissolve structural chemicals in the body Helps pathogen Maintain infection Invade further Avoid body’s defenses
55
What are examples of Extracellular enzymes?
Hyalourondiase and collagenase Hylorinic acid- is one of the molecules that helps seal things in and hold it together- Hyaluronidase will break this down in order to get down to the collagen- and then will produce collagenase to break down that collagen and allow the bacteria to break through and into the bloodstream Coagulase and kinase Maintain infections and avoid body defenses Bacteria will get past the endothelia cells and into underlying tissues, produce cagulase which will allow for a clot to form By forming the clot, they are hiding themselves from the immune system
56
Toxins are produced by.......
Gram negative bacteria
57
True or False: LPS is a toxin
true
58
What are toxins?
Chemicals produce by the pathogen. Harms tissue or Triggers host immune response Immune system then causes the damage
59
Name the types of toxins
1) Exotoxins 2) Endotoxins
60
What are exotoxins?
secreted by the pathogens Made inside and secreted out Chemical, not protein
61
What are endotoxins?
actual part of the pathogen’s structure
62
Define: Cytotoxins
Kill host cells or effect their function
63
Define: Neurotoxins
Produced by interfere with nerve functions
64
Define: Enterotoxins
Effect cells lining the GI tract
65
What are Antiphagocytic factors?
Prevent phagocytosis by host’s phagotytic cells Interferes with clearance
66
What are two forms of Antiphagocytic factors?
1) Bacterial capsule 2) Antiphagocytic chemicals
67
Explain:Bacterial capsule
Composed of chemicals similar to the host’s chemicals Not recognized as foreign Slippery Difficult for phagocytes to engulf the bacteria
68
Explain:Antiphagocytic chemicals
Prevent fusion of lysosome and phagosome No digestion of microbe Leukocidins directly destroy phagocytic white blood cells
69
Least virulent microorganism
Lactobacilli-
70
Most virulent microorganism
Rabbit fever-Francisella tularensis
71
What are the modes of infectious disease transmission?
1) Contact 2) Vehicle 3) Vector
72
Define: Contact Transmission
Handshaking Kissing ETC
73
Define: Vehicle transmission
Goes through some inanimate intermediary These are called fomites Any inanimate object that when contaminated with or exposed to an infectious agent can transfer disease to a new host
74
Define: Vector transmission
ndirect life cycle Insect bite- mosquitoes Malaria, Lyme disease Asexual reproduction in the mosquito Go through different life stages once infect human Then they go through their sexual reproduction stage while they disrupt and damage They get into Liver cells and Red Blood Cells Hard to target Best way to target is to target the mosquitos Netting Gene drives to eradicate them
75
What is a fomite?
Any inanimate object that when contaminated with or exposed to an infectious agent can transfer disease to a new host
76
What are the types nosocomial infection?
1) Exogenous 2) Endogenous 3)Iatrogenic
77
Define:Exogenous
pathogens acquired from the health care environment Exam room that has not bee completely sterilized Waiting room
78
Define: Endogenous
pathogens that arise from normal microbotic due to factors within the healt care setting C. diff infection
79
Define: Iatrogenic
results from modern medical procedure Endoscopic procedure- scope not sterilized Surgery- scalpel not completely sterilized
80
In order to get the infection,
you need to have all three: 1) presensce of microorgamism, transmission of pathogen between staff and patients, 3) Immunocompromised patients
81
What are Universal Precautions?
Instituted by the CDC to limit exposure to pathogens Precautions designed to reduce the factors in disease Handwashing Quarenting those who are sick Masks, gloves, etc
82
What is the job of an epidemiologist?
Study of where and when diseases occur How diseases are transmitted within populations
83
How do epidemiologist track diseases?
Incidence- number of new cases of a disease in a given area during a given period of time Prevalences- number of total cases of a disease in a given area during a given period of time
84
___________ also evaluated in terms of frequencies and geographic distribution
Occurrence
85
What is occurance?
Percentage of/ frequency of people who have this
86
What are the three major links in disease occurance?
1) The etiologic agent ( pathogen) 2) The host's suspectability 3) The method of transmission
87
Define: Sporadic
Here and there; rare
88
Define: Epidemic
Here and there; lots
89
Define: Pandemic
Everywhere; lots
90
Define Endemic:
everywhere; DECENT NUMBERS- MANAGEABLE LEVELS
91
Explain the Central Dogma
DNA replication, transcription, translation 1) DNA replication Has to occur before the cell divides 2) Transcription Taking Nucleic acids and making more nucleic acids Taking code and making the message 3) RNA- to protein= Translation Taking nucleic acids and translating them into amino acids (proteins)
92
Explain the main chromosome of bacteria
Main, circular chromosome No nucleus Held in the nucleoid in the cytoplasm Usually 1 chromosome per bacterial cell
93
What are plasmids?
Smaller circular pieces of genetic material (extrachromosomal) Extra chromosomal bits of DNA Bacterium does necessarily needs the genes found in those plasmid to survive These are extra Not essential for metabolism Growth Reproductive Replicate independently of chromosome Carry information for one ore more cellular traits (genes)
94
What are the different plasmids
R-plasmids: drug resistance F- Plasmids: fertility Capsule plasmids: A type of virulence plasmid Alternative metabolic pathways Novel nutrient use Bacteriocin plasmid (aka col plasmids)
95
What are R-Plasmids?
R= resistance Two components: RTF and r-determinants RTF ( resistance transfer factor) encodes genetic information essential to transferring plasmid between bacteria Can be transferred Can be picked up andrrogeously ( from the environment)
96
What are F-Plasmids
Confer fertility- contain genes for sex pilus formation on which genetic recombination` depends Confer ability to donate part of their chromosome during conjugation F- Factor: circular double-stranded DNA Is a mobile element- following conjugation and genetic recombination, recipient cells become F+ (can produce the sex pilus) F- cannot produce the sex pilus, F- once it has the information, becomes F+ and then can form the sex pilus F factor is passed to all recipient cells
97
What are Bacteriocin plasmids?
ol plasmids ( ColE1)- found in E. Coli Derived from E. Coli Encodes colicins ( antimicrobial) Highly toxic proteins to bacterial cells that don’t have the Col plasmid Can kill bacterial strains that do not harour same plasmid Bacteria that carry plasmis are called ccolicinogenic Allows them to outcompete other bacteria Produce a resistance gene for colicins- so that they do not harm themselves
98
carceno
cancer
99
col
Colon
100
dermato
skin
101
emia
pertaining to blood
102
endo
inside
103
gen
give rise to
104
hepat
liver
105
idio
unknown
106
itis
inflamation of a structure
107
oma
tumor or swelling
108
osis
condition of
109
patho
abnormal
110
septi
rotting- presence of pathogens
111
terato
defects
112
tox
poison

Microbiology (9 decks)

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