Quiz 5

Question 1

Drugs-

Answer 1

chemicals that affect physiology in any manner

Question 2

Chemotherapeutic agents

Answer 2

drugs that act against diseases

Question 3

Who is the father of chemotherapy?

Answer 3

Paul Erlich

Question 4

What did Paul Erlich call his chemotherapy agents?

Answer 4

Magic bullets

Question 5

What did Paul Erlich use as his magic bullets?

Answer 5

Arsenic compounds- killed trypanosomes and worked against treponemes ( Syphilis)

Question 6

Who discovered Penicillin released from penicillium mold

Answer 6

Alexander Fleming

Question 7

Who is the father of antibiotics?

Answer 7

Salman Waksman

Question 8

Antibiotics are…

Answer 8

Produced naturally by an organism

Question 9

Semi Synthetics are…

Answer 9

Chemically altered antibiotic

Question 10

Synthetics are…

Answer 10

Antimicrobials synthesized completely in the laboratory

Question 11

Why are antibiotics altered into semi synthetics?

Answer 11

To improve effectiveness
Extend serum levels
Easier to administer

Question 12

There is no perfect antimicrobial. But if there were it would be….

Answer 12

1) Inexpensive
2) Fast acting
3) Easily to administer
4) Stable self-life
5) Nontoxic to humans and animals
6) Selectively toxic against a wide range of pathogens
7) Easy to transport

Question 13

What are the 6 mechanisms of antimicrobial action?

Answer 13

1) Cell Wall Synthesis
2) Inhibition of Protein Translation
3) Disruption of Cytoplasmic Membranes:
4) Inhibition of Metabolic Pathways
5) Inhibition of RNA and DNA snythesis
6) Inhibition of pathogen’s entry into host cell

Question 14

Explain Cell Wall Synthesis

Answer 14

Peptioglocan is targeted with beta lactams. These Inhibits enzymes that cross link NAM. Without it the osmotic pressure of the cell will cause the cell to lyse

Question 15

ExplainInhibition of Protein Translation

Answer 15

Drugs that change the shape of the mRNA so that ribsome reads the codons wrong. Wrong tRNA comes in and the wrong petitide is produced
Tetracyclines block the tRNA from getting into the ribosome
Chloramphenicol blocks the peptide bond formation
Antisense nucleic acids
Drug that looks like mRNA but is complementary to a different region of RNA and then the ribosome cannot make that protein

Question 16

Explain Disruption of Cytoplasmic Membranes:

Answer 16

Drugs sticking in cytoplasmic membrane-> disrupe the cell integrity
Holes in the membrane
Disrupting the hydrophobic nature
Or creating pores

Question 17

What are the pros and cons of broad specturem antibiotics

Answer 17

Broad-spectrum antimicrobials= act against a wide range of disease-causing bacteria
Broad spectrum antimicrobials may allow for secondary infections to develop
Superinfections
Killing of normal flora reduces microbial antagonism
Norma; flora protects against potential pathogens

Question 18

What is a Diffusions Susceptibility Test and why is it used?

Answer 18

Kirby-Baur Assay
Paper disks that are placed on a bacterial law
Zones of inhibition are then observed
The small ther zone= the less effective that drug is against that bacteria

Question 19

What is a Minimum Inhibitory Concentration Test ( MIC) and why is it used?

Answer 19

Each row is a different antimicrobial/ antibiotic
Load all the wells with a bacterial culture
Positive control and negative
The rest are increasing concentrations of the antimicrobial from right to left
Minimum concentration of antibacterial to inhibit 80% of the growth of that bacterium
Look at cloudiness versus the clear well
Take samples of of the clearer wells and plate them out
MBC

Question 20

What is an MBC ( Minimum bactericidal concentration: and why is it used?

Answer 20

To determine the concentration where we are not going to get any growth
The amount of drugs to kill all microbes

Question 21

What are the routes of administration?

Answer 21

Topical
Oral
Intermusclur
Intravenous

Question 22

When do antimicrobial treatments work best and why?

Answer 22

Antimicrobial agents work best when the microbes metabolic rate is high.

Microbes are actively bringing in water and thus any antimicrobial agent dissolved in the water
The cell walls of bacteria have to become thinner and breakdown for the cell to reproduce
When reproducing, cells have to open up their DNA for replication and transcription to occur
This makes the nucleic acids easier to target by the antimicrobial agents

Question 23

What is an Infectious agent?

Answer 23

spreads from host to host causing damage
Animals, human,s plants, and bacteria are hosts t viruses

Question 24

What are four aspects of virsues?

Answer 24

1) Infectious agent
2) Non-living
3) Can respond to environment
4) Obligate intracellular parasite
Have to infect the cell- parasitic
They gain something while the cell usually dies

Question 25

Explain the genetic structure of viruses.

Answer 25

DNA or RNA Extremely variable Tyoe of genetic material Envelop Symetry Iscosahedral, helical, spherical, complex, ect Shape of genetic material

Question 26

What are the shapes of viruses genetic material?

Answer 26

Iscosahedral, helical, spherical, complex

Question 27

Singular vs. segmented genetic material

Answer 27

Singular- one pieces of genetic material Segmented- more than one piece 0f genetic material

Question 28

Specifics vs. generalists

Answer 28

Specifics- infect particular host cells in specific host Generalist- viruses that can infect many kinds of cells in many different host

Question 29

Explain the envelope of some viruses

Answer 29

Function: Recognition and attachment Host cells membrane “ stolen” during viral replication of release This is called budding Envelop-associated proteins can be: From the host cell Viral-coded glycoproteins Spikes

Question 30

Helical/ tubular

Answer 30

Tight spirals

Question 31

Polyhedral

Answer 31

Spherical

Question 32

Complex

Answer 32

Different shapes and combinations Smallpox- circular with infolding Rabbies- bullet shaped Bacteriophages- space alien shape Consists of protein and DNA Injects DNA into cell Takes over bacterial cell’s metabolism

Question 33

True or False: All viruses have a capsid whether they are naked or not.

Answer 33

True

Question 34

A virion has....

Answer 34

not infected a cell

Question 35

What are the two forms of viral replication?

Answer 35

Lytic replication - bursting the cell Host cell death Lysogenic replication Decreased host cell vitality Reprogramming of host cell Damage and decrease host’s cells functions

Question 36

What are the steps of Lytic replication?

Answer 36

Attachment Entry Injects its DNA into the host cell Phage DNA will code a protein that will cut up the host cell’s genome Cleave and take over the host cell Synthesis Make more of its genetic material and proteins and tail fibers Assembly About 200 virus particles Release Lyseseme that will break open the cell Exponential growth- 200 x with each cycle

Question 37

What are the steps of lysogentic replication?

Answer 37

Same steps, except: Extra stages: 3) Prophage Incorporation of viral DNA into the host DNA’s genome 4) Reproduction Cells divide and as they do they copy that viral dna 5) Induction Entry back into the lytic cycle Could be environmental Xrays, uv, temperature changes, Viral DNA will be induced to make cut up the host cell’s DNA and jump back into the lytic cycle

Question 38

What is budding?

Answer 38

Rlease of Enveloped Virsuses-

Question 39

Naked viruses will do ________ Enveloped viruses use _______

Answer 39

the lytic cycle/ budding