Final Exam

Question 1

What is an enzyme pathway?

Answer 1

The product of one reaction becomes the reactant of another reaction.

Question 2

What would an autotroph run and tumble towards

Answer 2

Phototaxis

Question 3

Name and describe one method used to compare the effectiveness of disinfectants or antiseptics

Answer 3

MIC, disc diffusion, phenol coefficent, etc. Go back and look this one.

Question 4

How does temperature affect the effectiveness of an antimicrobial

Answer 4

Most effective when the microbe is actively metabolizing. Denatures the protein and changes its shapes- shape equals function

Question 5

What are three points of a virus?

Question 6

Go through all the major similarities and differences of prokaryotes and eukaryokes

Question 7

What is Innate Immunity?

Answer 7

Fast responding part of immunity
Does not have memory response
First line of response

Question 8

What is adaptive immunity

Answer 8

Adaptative immune response is characterized by a memory

Question 9

What is immunity?

Answer 9

Immunity is the state of protection against foreign pathogens or substances ( antigens)

Question 10

What are the four categories of pathogens?

Answer 10

Virsues
Bacteria
Fungi
Parasites

Question 11

What are the core parts of the immune system?

Answer 11

Recognition
Kiling
Does not affect
innate Immunity

Question 12

What are PAMPS?

Answer 12

Are specific antigens- more like a general antigen like LPS

Question 13

Discuss the pros/ cons of the innate immune system

Answer 13

Fast, but non specific
Uses germ-line- encoded recognition molecules
Also uses phagocytic cells
Structures, chemicals and processes that works to prevent pathogens entering the body
Skin and mucous membranes of the respiratory, digestive, urinary, and reproductive system

Question 14

What is the role of skin in innate immunity?

Answer 14

First line barrier
Epidermis
Multiple layers of tightly packed cells
Few pathogens can penetrate these layers
Shedding of dead skin cells remove microorganism
Epidermal dendritic cells phagocytize pathogens
Dermis
Collagen fibers help skin resist abrasion that could introduce microorganisms
Chemicals:
Perspiration secreted by sweat glands
Salt inhibits growth of pathogens
Antimicrobial peptides act against microorganisms
Lysozyme destroys cells wall of bacteria
Sebum secreted by sebaceous glands
Helps keep skill pliable and less like to break or tear
Also helps lower skin pH to a level inhibitory to many bacteria

Question 15

A polymerase is an enzyme that moves a functional group from one to the other

Answer 15

False

Question 16

A biochemical test uses physical characteristics to identify a microbe

Answer 16

True

Question 17

Cofactors are metal ions found in some holoenzymes.

Answer 17

True

Question 18

if you perfrom phage testing, how do you tell if the bacteriophage kills the bacterium…

Answer 18

Formation of a plaque

Question 19

Discuss Mucousal Membranes and Innate Immunity

Answer 19

Two distinct layers
Epithelim
Thin outer lining convering of mucous membranes
Epithelial cells are living
Tightly packed to prevent entry of many pathogens
Ontinuousl shedding of cells carries away microorganisms
Dendrict cells below epithelum phagocutize pathogens
Goblet and ciliated columnar cells help remove invaders
Deeper connective layer that supports the epithelium
Produce chemicals that defend against pathogens

Question 20

Discuss macrophages and innate immunity

Answer 20

Phagoctosis- larger particles
Macrophages
After they phagocytosis, they present the “antigiens on the surfurces” for the B and T cells to recognize it and either go off and kill it or make antibodies to kill it

Question 21

What are Hematopoietic stem cells?

Answer 21

Have the ability to differentiate into many types of blood cells
All red and white blood cells develop from a pluripotent HSC during hematopoiesis
Hematopoiesis is a highly regulated process
In adult vertebrates, hematopoiesis occurs in the bone marrow

Question 22

What are Monocytes?

Answer 22

U shaped nucleus
Differentiate out into macrophages once activated
Macrophages
Look like an amoeba
Pseudopodia like an amoeba and they bring things in
Bridge to the adaptive immune system is that they bring things to the surface for the b and T cells to recognize
Dendritic cells
Surface epithelial tissues

Question 23

What are Granual sites?

Answer 23

Neutrophils, Eosinophils, Basophils, Mast cells

Question 24

Explain Neutrophils, Eosinophils, Basophils, Mast cells

Answer 24

Storage sites
Makes certain molecules
Mast cell- allergic responses/ antiparasitic responses
Histemenes
Seratones
Other inflammatory cytokines and hormones involved in that allergic reactions
Antihistamines block the response of the histemenes

Question 25

Explain Eosinophils

Answer 25

Named after how the granules stain- eosone ( reddish stain) Antiparacitic response

Question 26

Explain basophils

Answer 26

Basophils- basic stain ( blue color ) Allergic responses Inflammatory cytokines found in their granules

Question 27

Explain hematopoisus

Answer 27

Embryo- yolk sac and later the fetal liver 3rd to 7th comnth of fetal life- spleen is major site During 4th and 5th months- shifts to bone marror Birth- bone marrow Adults- mainly bone marronf of skull ribs, sternum, vertebral, column, pelvis and femurs Bone marrow stem cells pluripotent ) can given rise to many cells types) Also fives rise to more bone marrow stem cells

Question 28

What are Natural Killer ( NK) Cells?

Answer 28

Also called Nonspecific Cytotoxic cells in organisms other than mammals. Secret toxins onto surface of virally infec ted cells and tumors Nonspecific but selective Can lyse tumor cells, cells infected with virus, and protozoan parasites Direct connect with cell necessary for killing The killer binds to it target and then delivers a lethal burst of chemicals that produces holes in targets celle’s membrane. Fluid seep in and leak out and the cell bursts Receptor mediated Contact is only through the receptors Granule move to contact surface and dump out their products Enzyme that will break down the membrane of the infected cell Can be products that will get in and disrupt the cell

Question 29

True or false: NK cell have a huge nucleus- takes up half of the cell

Answer 29

True

Question 30

Explain Neutrophils

Answer 30

Binds bacteria via receipts and phagocytosis Phagosomes fuses with granules Bacteria is killed Lysosomes fuse and degrade dead bacteria Neutrophil dies by apoptosis and phagocytosed by macrophage Neutrolizing those pathogens without triggering an immune response- this is why it goes into apoptosis

Question 31

What does immunis mean?

Answer 31

"Exempt"

Question 32

Explain Tolereance

Answer 32

Tolerance ensures that the immune system avoids destroying host tissue * Many of the random rearrangements used to create B- and T- cell receptors could be anti-self * Tolerance helps to keep these anti-self recognition molecules/cells from circulating in the bloodstream Innate Immunity vs. Adaptive Immunity Innate Adaptive Presence All living organisms: Plants, Invertebrates, Vertebrates Only in Jawed Vertebrates Recognition Patterns (PAMPs): LPS, PGN, β- glucans, sugars Specific Antigens Memory No long-term, lasting protection Generates long-lasting protection Receptors Germ-line encoded (born with these genes): TLRs, LRRs, etc. Assembled by gene rearrangement: Antibodies Cells Macrophages, NK, Polymorphonuclear cells (PMNs), Hemocytes B-cells, T-cells Killing Molecules Antimicrobial Peptides (AMPs), ROS, Lysozyme, Cytokines, etc. Cytokines (i.e. Interferons) Speed Fast (0-hrs) Slow (hrs-days) First-Line of Defense Lasting Defense Bridge of affects 5 6

Question 33

What are the pros and cons of the adaptive immune response?

Answer 33

Humoral and cell-mediated responses * Using B- and T- lymphocytes, respectively * Slower to develop * 5–6 days (or more) * Use randomly generated antigen receptors * Highly specific to individual antigen molecules

Question 34

Define adaptative immunity

Answer 34

Adaptive immunity is the body’s ability to recognize and defend itself against distinct invaders and their products

Question 35

What are the five attributes of adaptive immunity

Answer 35

– Specificity – Inducibility – Clonality – Unresponsiveness to self – Memory

Question 36

What are the two main types of lymphocytes involved in the adaptive immunity?

Answer 36

B-lymphocytes (B-cells) ▪ Mature in the bone marrow – T-lymphocytes (T-cells) ▪ Mature in the thymus

Question 37

What are the two types of adaptive immune response?

Answer 37

Cell-mediated immune responses – Antibody immune responses

Question 38

How do the innate and adaptive immunity work cooperatively?

Question 39

What are the types of antigens?

Answer 39

Exogenous antigens—include toxins and other components of microbial cell walls, membranes, flagella, and pili – Endogenous antigens—produced by microbes that reproduce inside a body’s cells – Autoantigens—derived from normal cellular processes 15 16